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Anderson, T. (2003). Getting the mix right again: An updated and theoretical rationale for interaction. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 4(2).
Asmamaw, L., & Mohammed, A. (2013). Effects of slope gradient and changes in land use/cover on selected soil physico-biochemical properties of the Gerado catchment, north-eastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 70(1), 111–125.
Asmare, B., & Abegaz, A. (2018). Land use/land cover changes and their environmental implications in the Gelana sub-watershed of Northern highlands of Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research 6(1): 7.
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Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils 1. Agronomy Journal, 54(5), 464–465.
Bray, R.H. & Kurtz, L.T. (1945). Determination of Total Organic and Available Forms of Phosphorus in Soils’, Soil Science, 59, PP. 39-45
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Chapman, H. D. (1965). Cation‐exchange capacity. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 9, 891–901.
Chemeda, M., Kibret, K., & Fite, T. (2017). Influence of different land use types and soil depths on selected soil properties related to soil fertility in Warandhab Area, Horo Guduru Wallaga Zone, Oromiya, Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, 4(2), 555634.
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doi: 10.1155/2024/7389265
Fantahun, A., Lemma, T. M., Tesfay, F., & Getahun, Y. S. (2024). Impact of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on Soil Physicochemical Characteristics and Crop Productivity: Evidence from Korekore Watershed in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. The Scientific World Journal, 2024(1), 2679180.
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doi: 10.1155/2020/1479460
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Gashaw, T., Tulu, T., Argaw, M., & Worqlul, A. W. (2017). Evaluation and prediction of land use/land cover changes in the Andassa watershed, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research 6(1): 17.
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Gerbi, A. A., Ylyi-Halla, M., Wogi, L., & Bekele, A. S. (2024). Spatial variability of soil fertility under different land use Types in Assosa District, Western Ethiopia. SVU-International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6(2): 36–44.
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https://abjol.org.et/index.php/ajst/article/view/87
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Molla, E., Gebrekidan, H., Mamo, T., & Assen, M. (2010). Patterns of Land Use/Cover Dynamics in the Mountain Landscape of Tara Gedam and Adjacent Agro-Ecosystem, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Sci., 33(2), 75–88.
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doi: 10.5194/soil-2-63-2016
Alemayehu, F., Tolera, M., & Tesfaye, G. (2019). Land use land cover change trend and its drivers in somodo watershed south western, Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 14(2), 102–117.
doi: 10.5897/AJAR2018.13672
Anderson, T. (2003). Getting the mix right again: An updated and theoretical rationale for interaction. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 4(2).
Asmamaw, L., & Mohammed, A. (2013). Effects of slope gradient and changes in land use/cover on selected soil physico-biochemical properties of the Gerado catchment, north-eastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 70(1), 111–125.
Asmare, B., & Abegaz, A. (2018). Land use/land cover changes and their environmental implications in the Gelana sub-watershed of Northern highlands of Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research 6(1): 7.
doi: 10.1186/s40068-017-0084-7
Assefa, F., Elias, E., Soromessa, T., & Ayele, G. T. (2020). Effect of Changes in Land-Use Management Practices on Soil Physicochemical Properties in Kabe Watershed, Ethiopia. Air, Soil and Water Research 13 1178622120939587.
doi: 10.1177/1178622120939587
Bekele, T. (2019). Effect of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Soil Erosion in Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology 026–034.
doi: 10.17352/2455-815X.000038
Belay, A., Assen, M., & Abegaz, A. (2025). Soil quality dynamics in response to land-use management types and slope positions in northeastern highlands of Ethiopia. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 26, 100641.
doi: 10.1016/j.indic.2025.100641
Bitew, A., Molla, E., Meshesha, D. T., Wato, T., Getnet, K., & Miju, C. (2025). Land use dynamics and its effect on selected soil physicochemical properties in Necho watershed, northwest Ethiopia. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 8(1): e70076.
doi: 10.1002/agg2.70076
Black, C. A., Evans, D. D., White, J. L., Ensminger, L. E., & Clark, F. E. (1965). Methods of Soıl Analysıs. Part I. American Society of Agronomy. Inc. Publisher, Madison, Winconsin, USA.
Bohn, H. L., Myer, R. A., & O’Connor, G. A. (2002). Soil chemistry. John Wiley & Sons.
Bore, G., & Bedadi, B. (2015). Impacts of land use types on selected soil physico-chemical properties of Loma Woreda, Dawuro Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal, 4(4), 40–48.
doi: 10.4314/star. v4i4.6
Borrelli, P., Robinson, D. A., Fleischer, L. R., Lugato, E., Ballabio, C., Alewell, C., Meusburger, K., Modugno, S., Schütt, B., Ferro, V., Bagarello, V., Oost, K. V., Montanarella, L., & Panagos, P. (2017). An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion. Nature Communications 8(1): 2013.
doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02142-7
Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils 1. Agronomy Journal, 54(5), 464–465.
Bray, R.H. & Kurtz, L.T. (1945). Determination of Total Organic and Available Forms of Phosphorus in Soils’, Soil Science, 59, PP. 39-45
Bremner, J. M., & Mulvaney, C. S. (1982). Nitrogen-total. In ‘Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. (Eds AL Page, RH Miller, DR Keeney) pp. 595–624. Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA.
Chapman, H. D. (1965). Cation‐exchange capacity. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 9, 891–901.
Chemeda, M., Kibret, K., & Fite, T. (2017). Influence of different land use types and soil depths on selected soil properties related to soil fertility in Warandhab Area, Horo Guduru Wallaga Zone, Oromiya, Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, 4(2), 555634.
doi: 10.19080/IJESNR.2017.04.555634
Debebe, W., Yirgu, T., & Debele, M. (2024). Dynamics of Soil Physical and Chemical Properties under Different Current Land Use Types and Elevation Gradients in the Sala Watershed of Ari Zone, South Ethiopia. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2024 1–11.
doi: 10.1155/2024/7389265
Fantahun, A., Lemma, T. M., Tesfay, F., & Getahun, Y. S. (2024). Impact of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on Soil Physicochemical Characteristics and Crop Productivity: Evidence from Korekore Watershed in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. The Scientific World Journal, 2024(1), 2679180.
doi: 10.1155/tswj/2679180
FAO, (Food and Agriculture Organization). (2005). Soil Map of the World. Revised Legend. World Soil Resources Report 60.
FAO, (Food and Agriculture Organization). (2021). Ethiopia: Land use and agricultural transformation. FAO.
Fekad, S., Jembere, K., Fekadu, E., & Wasie, D. (2020). Land use and land cover dynamics and properties of soils under different land uses in the Tejibara watershed northwest Ethiopia. Sci. World J, 1–12.
doi: 10.1155/2020/1479460
Fetene, E. M., & Amera, M. Y. (2018). The effects of land use types and soil depth on soil properties of Agedit watershed, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technology, 11(1), 39–56.
doi: 10.4314/ejst. v11i1.4
Frossard, E., Condron, L. M., Oberson, A., Sinaj, S., & Fardeau, J. C. (2000). Processes governing phosphorus availability in temperate soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 29(1), 15–23.
doi: 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010003x
Gabisa, M., Kabite, G., & Mammo, S. (2025). Land use and land cover change trends, drivers and its impacts on ecosystem services in burayu sub city, Ethiopia. Frontiers in Environmental Science 13 1557000.
doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2025.1557000
Gashaw, T., Tulu, T., Argaw, M., & Worqlul, A. W. (2017). Evaluation and prediction of land use/land cover changes in the Andassa watershed, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research 6(1): 17.
doi: 10.1186/s40068-017-0094-5
Gebresamuel, G., Opazo-Salazar, D., Corral-Núnez, G., van Beek, C., Elias, E., & Okolo, C. C. (2020). Nutrient balance of farming systems in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 21, 315–328.
doi: doi:10.1007/s42729-020-00362-3
Gerbi, A. A., Ylyi-Halla, M., Wogi, L., & Bekele, A. S. (2024). Spatial variability of soil fertility under different land use Types in Assosa District, Western Ethiopia. SVU-International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6(2): 36–44.
doi: 10.21608/svuijas.2024.265416.1336
Habtamu, A., Heluf, G., Bobe, B., & Enyew, A. (2014). Fertility status of soils under different land uses at Wujiraba Watershed, North-Western Highlands of Ethiopia. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 3(5), 410–419.
doi: 10.11648/j.aff.20140305.24
Habte, D. G., Belliethathan, S., & Ayenew, T. (2021). Evaluation of the status of land use/land cover change using remote sensing and GIS in Jewha Watershed, Northeastern Ethiopia. SN Applied Sciences 3(4): 501.
doi: 10.1007/s42452-021-04498-4
Hundera, K. (2010). Status of indigenous tree species regeneration under exotic plantations in Belete Forest, south west Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Education and Sciences, 5(2).
doi: 10.4314/ejesc. v5i2.65366
Hurni, H., Abate, S., Bantider, A., Debele, B., Ludi, E., Portner, B., Yitaferu, B., & Zeleke, G. (2010). Land degradation and sustainable land management in the highlands of Ethiopia.
doi: 10.13140/2.1.3976.5449
Jaleta, D. (2020). Effects of Land Use Types on Selected Soil Properties in Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2020 1–9.
doi: 10.1155/2020/7026929
Kassa, G., Molla, E., & Abiyu, A. (2019). Effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Tree Plantation on Indigenous Trees and Soil Properties in North Western Ethiopia. Abyssinia Journal of Science and Technology, 4(1), 1–10. Retrieved from
https://abjol.org.et/index.php/ajst/article/view/87
Kebebew, S., Bedadi, B., Erkossa, T., Yimer, F., & Wogi, L. (2022). Effect of Different Land-Use Types on Soil Properties in Cheha District, South-Central Ethiopia. Sustainability 14(3): 1323.
doi: 10.3390/su14031323
Landon, J.R. (2014) Booker Tropical Soil Manual: A Handbook for Soil Survey and Agricultural Land Evaluation in the Tropics and Subtropics. Routledge, London, 530.
doi: 10.4324/9781315846842
Mekonnen, Y. A., & Manderso, T. M. (2023). Land use/land cover change impact on streamflow using Arc-SWAT model, in case of Fetam watershed, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia. Applied Water Science 13(5): 111.
doi: 10.1007/s13201-023-01914-5
Meshesha, T. W., Tripathi, S., & Khare, D. (2016). Analyses of land use and land cover change dynamics using GIS and remote sensing during 1984 and 2015 in the Beressa Watershed Northern Central Highland of Ethiopia. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2, 1–12.
doi: DOI%252010.1007/s40808-016-0233-4
Miju, C., Kiflu, A., & Gizachew, S. (2025). Effects of land use/land cover change on soil physicochemical properties and soil carbon stock in Kochore district, southern Ethiopia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 18(2), 41.
doi: 10.1007/s12517-025-12181-w
Mojiri, A., Hamidi, A., & Amin, R. (2012). Potential decline in soil quality attributes as a result of land use change in a hillslope in Lordegan, Western Iran. Afr J Agric Res 7 (4): 577–582.
doi: 10.5897/AJAR11.1505
Molla, E., Gebrekidan, H., Mamo, T., & Assen, M. (2010). Patterns of Land Use/Cover Dynamics in the Mountain Landscape of Tara Gedam and Adjacent Agro-Ecosystem, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Sci., 33(2), 75–88.
Molla, E., Getnet, K., & Mekonnen, M. (2022). Land use change and its effect on selected soil properties in the northwest highlands of Ethiopia. Heliyon 8(8), 1-7.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon. 2022.e10157
National Meteorological Agency (ENMA). (2019). Temperature and rain fall data of Mekane Eyesus. Unpublished document, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
Regasa, M., Nones, M., & Adeba, D. (2021). A Review on Land Use and Land Cover Change in Ethiopian Basins. Land 10(6): 585.
doi: 10.3390/land10060585
Rowell, D. L. (1994). Laboratory methods for studying mineralization. Soil Science: Methods and Applications. Longman Scientific and Technical, Longman Group UK Ltd., Longman House, London, England.
Sanchez, P. A. (2019). Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Selassie, Y. G., & Ayanna, G. (2013). Effects of different land use systems on selected physico-chemical properties of soils in Northwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(4), 112.
doi: 10.5539/jas. v5n4p112
Selassie, Y. G., Anemut, F., & Addisu, S. (2015). The effects of land use types, management practices and slope classes on selected soil physico-chemical properties in Zikre watershed, North-Western Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research, 4(1), 1–7.
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