Investigating the combined effect of different types of irrigation methods and planting rows on the yield and water productivity of pinto beans under different levels of irrigation

Document Type : Research/Original/Regular Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Markazi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (AREEO), Arak, Iran

Abstract

Abstract

Introduction

Beans are the largest source of human food after cereals, and beans are considered one of the most important legumes in the world and Iran. Beans are one of the most important types of legumes from the economic and nutritional point of view. The amount of beans required is 250 thousand tons and its production in the country is between 270 and 280 thousand tons. The cultivated area of beans in Iran is more than 100 thousand hectares and has a production of more than 200 thousand tons. Markazi province with 24,713 hectares is the second most fertile province in the country. On average, beans contain 20-23% protein and have a high nutritional value in the diet, which can be considered a good substitute for meat, especially in low-income areas. Agricultural mechanization is considered as a basic approach in the production of agricultural products. With the development of mechanized row planting of beans, one of the most important issues among farmers is determining the right row on the ridge. In many countries that produce beans, including Latin American countries, the planting method of this product is in rows or stacks in the fields. However, the dominant cultivation method in Iran is flat or linear cultivation, and with the development of drip-tape irrigation in recent years, a change in the cultivation method is necessary. The present research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effect of deficit irrigation on the yield of beans in two methods of drip-tape and furrow irrigation under two and three-row cultivation methods on the ridge.

Materials and Methods

In order to investigate the effect of full irrigation and deficit irrigation on the yield of beans and its components in two methods of drip-tape irrigation and furrow irrigation in two-row and three-row planting conditions, this research was carried out. This experiment was conducted in the years 2015 and 2016 at the National Research Station of Lubia Khomein. This station is located at an altitude of 1930 meters above sea level with a longitude of 49 degrees and 57 minutes and a latitude of 33 degrees and 39 minutes. The experiment was carried out in the form of split split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. Irrigation methods treatment (furrow and drip-tape) was selected as the main factor and different amounts of irrigation water as a secondary factor. Planting method treatments were implemented as a sub-factor. The treatments and irrigation methods included drip-tape and furrow irrigation. Deficit irrigation treatments including irrigation at 100% of the water requirement at 75% of water requirement and irrigation at 55% of the water requirement were considered.

Results and Discussion

The results showed that the effect of irrigation method, the effect of water consumption management, the effect of planting, the interaction effect of planting method and irrigation method, and the interaction effect of planting method and irrigation amount at the level of 5% on seed yield were significant. The seed yield in the drip-tape irrigation method was associated with an increase of 8.8% compared to the furrow irrigation method. The effect of water consumption management showed that the seed yield in the full irrigation treatment with an average of 4245 kg/ha was associated with an increase of 7.7 and 69.8 percent, respectively, compared to the 75 and 55 percent water requirement treatments. Considering that seed yield is a part of the total dry matter produced by the plant, the reduction of plant dry matter under stress conditions can justify a part of the decrease in seed yield. The probable reason for this issue is that at the end of the growth period, due to the lack of available water, the power of transferring nutrients to the seed is reduced which leads to a drop in seed yield. The seed yield in the conditions of two rows of cultivation on each stack had an increase of 20.9% compared to three rows of cultivation on each stack. The mutual effect of planting method and irrigation method on grain yield showed that the drip-strip irrigation method was associated with an average of 2144 kg/ha under the condition of two rows of crops on each stack. The interaction effect of planting method and amount of irrigation on seed yield indicated the superiority of the treatments of two rows of planting on the ridge and full irrigation with an average of 2383 kg/ha. The effect of the year on none of the investigated parameters was significant, which shows that the effect of the uncontrollable factor did not cause a significant difference on the test results.

Conclusion

The combined review of the results regarding productivity shows that two-row crops were less productive than two-row crops, both in furrow irrigation and in drip irrigation, so it is necessary to consider this type of cultivation in every irrigation method. be placed On the other hand, the highest efficiency was observed in 75% of water requirement. Therefore, 75% of the water requirement can be considered to achieve higher physical productivity. Of course, in terms of the amount of yield, the drip method is definitely very profitable and suitable for the farmer, and the farmer can achieve the highest physical water productivity by using the scenario of 75% water requirement and two-row cultivation.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

منابع
آقچه‌لی، سامیه، راحمی کاریزکی، علی، و غلامعلی پور علمداری، ابراهیم، و قلی زاده، عبداللطیف (1395). تأثیر تنش خشکی بر برخی خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی در غلات سردسیری در شرایط گلخانه. دومین کنگره سراسری در مسیر توسعه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی. دانشگاه فرهنگیان گرگان. 1-7.
بابازاده، حسین، عبدزادگوهری، علی، و آرش، خنک (1394). اثر مدیریت آبیاری و سطوح مختلف مالچ کاه بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه لوبیا. پژوهش آب در کشاورزی. 29(2). 129-140. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2015.101652
بهشتی، صدیقه، تدین، علی، و فلاح، سیف الله (1395). اثر سطوح اسید هیومیک بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد لوبیا لیما در شرایط تنش خشکی. پژوهش‌های حبوبات ایران، 7(2)، 175-187. doi: 10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.46533
بیات، علی‌اکبر، سپهری، علی، احمدوند، گودرز، و دری، حمیدرضا (1389). اثر تنش کمبود آب بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد در ژنوتیپ‌های لوبیا چیتی. علوم زراعی ایران. 12(1)، 42-54.  doi: 20.1001.1.15625540.1389.12.1.4.1
بیاتی، خیرالله، مجنون حسینی، ناصر، مقدم حسین، و بصیری، رضا (1396). تأثیر سطوح مختلف تنش خشکی و نیتروژن بر عملکرد دانه و برخی صفات زراعی دو رقم لوبیا قرمز. علوم گیاهان زراعی ایران، 48(4)، 1069-1081. doi: 10.22059/ijfcs.2017.205386.654094
بی‌نام. آمارنامه وزارت جهاد کشاورزی (1401). گزارش سطح، تولید و عملکرد محصولات زراعی. 98 صفحه.
پاک‌مهر، آرش، راستگو، مهدی، شکاری، فرید، صبا، جلال، وظایفی، مریم و زنگانی، اسماعیل (1390). تأثیر پرایمینگ سالیسیلیک اسید بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد دانه لوبیا چشم‌بلبلی تحت تنش کم‌آبی در مرحله زایشی. پژوهش‌های حبوبات ایران، 2(1)، 53-64. doi: 10.22067/ijpr.v1393i2.46920
حبیبی، غلامرضا، قنادها، محمدرضا، سوهانی، علیرضا، و دری، حمیدرضا (1385). بررسی روابط عملکرد دانه با برخی صفات مهم زراعی لوبیا قرمز با روش‌های مختلف آماری در شرایط آبیاری محدود. علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، 13(3)، 44-58.
خوشوقتی، حسین (1385). تأثیر محدویت آبی بر نرخ رشد، پر شدن دانه و عملکرد در سه رقم لوبیاچیتی. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشکده کشاورزی. دانشگاه تبریز. 100 صفحه.
داودی، سیده حکیمه، راحمی‌کاریزکی، علی، نخ‌زری مقدم، علی، غلامعلی‌پور علمداری، ابراهیم (1397). اثر تنش‌کم‌آبیاری بر عملکرد و ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی ارقام لوبیا. فناوری تولیدات گیاهی، 1(1)، 95-83. doi: 10.22084/ppt.2018.9633.1537
دری، حمیدرضا، قنبری، علی اکبر، لک، محمدرضا، و بنی جمالی، محمد (1387). راهنمای لوبیا، کاشت داشت و برداشت. سازمان ترویج، آموزش و تحقیقات کشاورزی. دفتر خدمات تکنولوژی آموزشی. 15 صفحه.
رفیعی‌الحسینی، محمد، صالحی، فرود، و مظهری، مرضیه (1395). اثر شدت و زمان تنش خشکی بر ویژگی‌های زراعی دو رقم لوبیا. مهندسی اکوسیستم بیابان، 5(11)، 56-45.
زعفرانی معطر، پریسا، راعی، یعقوب، قاسمی گلعذانی، کاظم، و محمدی، سید ابوالقاسم (1390). اثر کم‌آبی بر رشد و عملکرد ارقام لوبیا.  دانش کشاورزی و تولید پایدار، 21(4)، 94-85.
عبدزادگوهری، علی، و صادقی‌پور، امید (1398). تأثیر کم‌آبیاری و اسید هیومیک بر عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب در لوبیا. پژوهش آب در کشاورزی، 33(3)، 383-395.doi: 10.22092/jwra.2019.124988.623
ﻋﻤﺎدی، ﻧﻮﯾﺪالله، ﺑﻠﻮﭼﯽ، ﺣﻤﯿﺪرﺿﺎ، و ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺒﯿﻦ، ﺷﺎﻫﺮخ (1391). اثر تنش خشکی و تراکم بوته بر عملکرد، اجزا عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات ریخت‌شناسی لوبیا چیتی رقم C.O.S.16 در منطقه یاسوج. تولید گیاهان زراعی، 5(2)، 17-1.
غریب اردکانی، لیلا، فرجی، هوشنگ، و کلیدری، عبدالصمد (1391). اثر تنش خشکی و تراکم بر ویژگی کمی و فیزیولوژیک لوبیا چیتی. سومین همایش ملی حبوبات ایران. جهاد کشاورزی استان کرمانشاه. 102-108.
فرشی، علی‌اصغر، شریعتی، محمدرضا، جارللهی، رقیه، قائمی، محمدرضا، شهابی فر، مهدی، و تولایی، مسعود (۱۳۷۷). براورد آب مورد نیاز گیاهان عمده زراعی و باغی کشور (گیاهان زراعی). جلد اول. نشر آموزش کشاورزی. دفتر خدمات تکنولوژی آموزشی. وزارت جهادکشاورزی.۹۸۱ صفحه.
 ﮐﻤﺎﻟﻲ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ، ﻭ ﺍﻧﺼﺎﺭﻱ، ﺣﺴﻴﻦ (1402). ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ. ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺁﺏ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ، 17(2)، 85-96. doi: 10.22034/iwrj.2023.14134.2466
ملکی، عباس، اثنی‌عشری، نگار، و عالی نژادیان، افسانه (1394). تعیین کارایی مصرف آب با سطوح مختلف آبیاری در کشت لوبیا چشم‌بلبلی. اولین کنگره ملی توسعه و ترویج مهندسی کشاورزی و علوم خاک ایران، تهران. 14 صفحه.
نظری‌زاده، مرضیه، قاسمی، احمدرضا، قبادی نیا، مهدی و دانش، عبدالرزاق (1396). بهبود کارایی مصرف آب گیاه لوبیا تحت تأثیر کم‌آبیاری در مراحل مختلف رشد. دومین همایش بین‌المللی افق‌های نوین در علوم کشاورزی. منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست. تهران.
هدایتی‌پور، ابوالفضل، کلایی، علی، لک، محمدرضا. دری، حمیدرضا، رودبارانی، جهانگیر، مرادآبادی، غلام‌رضا، و رحمتی، محمد هاشم (1388). بررسی امکان کاشت ردیفی لوبیا با استفاده از ردیف کار با تکیه بر مبارزه مکانیکی با علف‌های هرز. گزارش نهایی پروژه. موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی. 50 صفحه.
هدایتی‌پور، ابوالفضل، کیخایی، فاطمه، صادقی، صادق و قدیری، عادل (1397). مقایسه روش‌های کشت لوبیا با بکارگیری روش آبیاری میکرو (تیپ). گزارش نهایی موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی. 48 صفحه.
هدایتی‌پور، ابوالفضل، لک، محمدرضا، قدیری، عادل، و مرادآبادی، غلام‌رضا (1391). بررسی کارآیی روش‏های وجین مکانیکی علف‌های‏هرز در لوبیا. گزارش نهایی پروژه. موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی. 42 صفحه.
همتی‌نفر، کیامرث، و رحیمی، محمد مهدی (1396). تأثیر سطوح مختلف سوپرجاذب بر کارایی مصرف آب و صفات کمی سورگوم در رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری. اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهی، 9(31)، 31-40.
 
References
Abdzad Gohari, A., & Sadeghipour, O. (2019). Effect of deficit irrigation and humic acid on yield and water use efficiency in common bean. Water Research in Agriculture, 33(3), 383-395. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2019.124988.623 [in Persian].
Allen, RG, (1998). Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrig Drain, 56, 147-151.
Alomari-Mheidat, M., Martín-Palomo, M.J., Castro-Valdecantos, P.,Medina-Zurita, N., Moriana, A., & Corell, M. (2023). Effect of water stress onthe yield of indeterminate-growth green bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) during the autumn yclein southern Spain. Agriculture, 23, 13-46. doi:10.3390/agriculture13010046
Anon. (1993). RNAM Test codes and procedures for farm machinary. Technical Series. No.1254.
Anonymous. (2022). Statistics of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. Report on the level, production and yield of crops. 98 p [in Persian].
Aqcheli, S., Rahmi Karizki, A., Gholamali Pouralmadari, A., & Qolizadeh, A. (2016). The effect of drought stress on some morphological characteristics in cold-season cereals under greenhouse conditions. The second national congress on the development of agricultural sciences and natural resources, Farhangian University of Gorgan, 1-7. [in Persian].
Archana, H.A., N. Asoka Raja., R. Mahesh. & R. Kalpana. (2017). Effect of low-cost drip tape irrigation system on yield and economics of sweet corn. Bangladesh Agronomy Journal, 19(2), 71-81. doi:10.3329/baj. v19i2.31855
Babazadeh, H., Abdzad Gohari, A., Khonok, A. (2015). Effect of Irrigation Management and Different Levels of Straw Mulch on Yield and Yield Components of Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L). Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 29(2), 129-140.
doi: 10.22092/jwra.2015.101652 [in Persian].
Bayat, A.A., Sepehri, A., Ahmadvand, G., & Dorri. H. R. (2010). Effect of water deficit stress on yield and yield components of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 12(1), 42-54. doi: 20.1001.1.15625540.1389.12.1.4.1 [in Persian].
Bayati, K., Majnoon Hosseini, N., Moghadam, H., & Basiri, R. (2018). Effects of drought stress and nitrogen on grain yield and some agronomic traits of red kidney bean cultivars. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 48(4)4, 1069-1081. doi: 10.22059/ijfcs.2017.205386.654094 [in Persian].
Beheshti, S., Tadayyon, A., & Fallah, S. (2016). Effect of humic acid on the yield and yield components of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) under drought stress conditions. Iranian journal of pulses Research, 7(2), 175-187. doi: 10.22067/ijpr. v7i2.46533 [in Persian].
Davoodi, S.H., Rahemi-karizaki, A., Nakhzari-Moghadam, A., & Gholamalipour alamdari, E. (2018). The effect of deficit irrigation on yield and physiological traits of bean cultivars. Journal of Plant Production Technology, 10 (1), 83-95. doi: 10.22084/ppt.2018.9633.1537 [in Persian].
Dorri, H.R., Ghanbari, A.A. Lek, M.R. & Bani Jamali, M. (2017). Guide to beans, planting and harvesting. Agricultural Research Education and Extention Organization. Office of educational technology services, 15 p [in Persian].
Drogar, N., Mojaddam, M., & Nejad, T.S. (2014). The effect of plant population on growth parameters and seed yield of faba bean. Journal of Biosciences. 4(3), 149-157. doi:10.12692/ijb/4.3.149-157.
Emadi, N., Balouchi, H.R, & Jahanbin, S.H. (2012). Effect of drought stress and plant density on yield, yield components and some morphological characters of pinto bean (cv. c.o.s16) in Yasouj region. Crop Production, 5(2), 1-18 [in Persian].
Emam, Y., Shikora, A., Salehi, F., & Jalali, A. (2010). Water stress effects on two common bean cultivars with contrasting growth habits. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 9(5), 495-499. doi:10.1080/03650340.2010.530256
Farshi, A.A., Shariati, M., Jarlallahi, R., Ghaemi, M.R., ShahabiFar, M., & Tolai, M. (1998). Estimated water requirements of the country's major agricultural and horticultural plants (crop plants). The first volume. Publication of agricultural education. Office of Educational Technology Services. Ministry of Jihad and Agriculture. 981 p [in Persian].
Gharib Ardakani, L., Farhi, H., & Kilidari, A. (2012). The effect of drought stress and compaction on the quantitative and physiological characteristics of pinto beans. The third national conference of Iranian legumes, Agricultural jahad of Kermanshah province. 108-102 [in Persian].
Habibi, G.H., M.R. Ghanadha, A.R. Sohani and H.R. Dorri. (2006). Evaluation of relation of seed yield with im-portant agronomic traits of red bean by different analysis methods in water stress condition. Journal of Agriculture Science and Natural Resources, 13(3), 44-58 [in Persian].
Hedayatipour, A., Keykhaei, F., Sadeghi, S. & Ghadiri, A. (2018). Comparison of bean cultivation methods using micro irrigation (tape) method. Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering. Final report of the project, 48 p. [in Persian].
Hedayatipour, A., Kolaei, A., Lak, M.R. Dorri, H. R., Roudbarani, J., Moradabadi, G. & Rahmati, M.H. (2009). Investigating the possibility of planting beans in rows using working rows, relying on mechanical weed control. Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering. Final report of the project, 50p. [in Persian].
Hedayatipour, A., Lak, M.R., Ghadiri, A., & Moradabadi, G.R. (2012). Investigating the effectiveness of mechanical weeding methods in beans. Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering. Final report of the project, 42 p. [in Persian].
Hemmati Nafar, K. & Rahimi, M.M. (2016). Effect of different levels of superabsorbent polymers on water use efficiency and characteristics of sorghum in different water regimes. Journal of plant Ecophysiology, 9 (31), 31-40 [in Persian].
Idris, A.Y. (2008). Effect of seed size and plant spacing on yield and yield components of faba bean (Vicia Faba L.). Research Journal Agriculture and BioScience, 4(2), 146-148.
Kamali, M.I. & Ansari, H. (2023). Determination of appropriate irrigation water depth and its sensitivity to water price using the production function. Iranian Water Research Journal, 17 (2), 85-96 [in Persian]. doi:10.22034/iwrj.2023.14134.2466
Khoshvaghti, H. 2006. The effect of water limitation on growth rate, seed filling and yield in three bean cultivars. Master's thesis. Faculty of Agriculture. Tabriz University. 100 p. [in Persian].
Maleki, A. Asna Ashari, N. & Aali Nejadian, A. (2015). Determining the efficiency of water use with different levels of irrigation in the cultivation of cowpea. The first national congress of development and extension of agricultural engineering and soil science of Iran, Tehran. 14 p [in Persian].
Mekki, B.E. (2016). Effect of bio-organic chemical fertilizers and their combination on growth, yield and some macro and micronutrients contents of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Bioscience Research, 13 (1), 8-14.
Nadeem, M.A., Ali, A., Sohail, R., & Maqbool, M. (2004).      Effect of different planting pattern on growth, yield and quality of grain legumes. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences,2(2), 132-135.
Nazarizadeh, M., Ghasemi, A., Ghobadnia, M.., & Danesh, A.A. (2017). Improving the water consumption efficiency of bean plants under the influence of deficit irrigation in different stages of growth. International Conference on the New Horizons in the Agricultural Sciences, Natural Resources and Environment, 7 p [in Persian].
Pakmehr, A., Rastgoo, M., Shekari, F., Saba, J., Vazayefi, M., & Zangani, E., (2011). Effect of salicylic acid priming on yield and yield components of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) under water deficit at reproductive stage. Iranian journal of pulses Research, 2(1), 53-64. doi: 10.22067/ijpr.v1393i2.46920 [in Persian].
Rafiei Alhoseini, M., Salehi, F., & Mazhari, M. (2016). The effect of drought stress intensity and stage on agronomic characteristics of two common bean cultivars. Journal of Desert Ecosystem Engineering, 5(11), 45-56 [in Persian].
Rosales-Serna, R., Kohashi Shibata, J., Acosta-Gallegos, J.A., Trejo-López, C., Ortiz-Cereceres,  J., James & Kelly, D. (2004). Biomass distribution maturity acceleration and yield in drought stress common bean cultivars. Field crops research, 85, 203-211. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00161-8
Santos, M.G., Ribeiro R.V., Oliverira, R.F., Machado, E.C., & Pimetel, C. (2006). The role of in organic phosphate on photosynthesis recovery of common bean after a mild water deficit. Plant Science, 170, 659-664. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.10.020
Wakrim, R., Wahbi, S., Tahi, H., Aganchich, B., & Serraj, R. (2005). Comparative effects of partial root drying (PRD) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on water relations and water use efficiency in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 106(2-3), 275-287. doi.: 10.1016/j.agee.2004.10.019
Zafarani-Moattar, P., Raey, Y., Ghassemi Golezani, K., & Mohammadi, S.A. (2012). Effect of limited irrigation on growth and yield of bean cultivars. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 21(4), 85-94 [in Persian].
Zhu, J.K. (2002). Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 53: 247-316. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.091401.143329
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
Volume 5, Issue 2
June 2025
Pages 323-337

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 10 July 2024
  • Revise Date: 18 September 2024
  • Accept Date: 03 October 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics