Water and Soil Management and Modelling

Keyword Index

A

Achewa Determinants of farmers’ use of small-scale irrigation practice in the Achewa area, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 159-173]
Activated carbon Effects of deficit irrigation combined with the use of biochar and compost on the growth, yield and water use efficiency of green pepper [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 20-36]
Adaptation governance International climate change law: strategies for mitigation, adaptation, and accountability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 18-31]
Adaptation strategy Contribution of irrigation practices for reducing farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 270-293]
Adoption Biophysical factors determining adoption of soil and water conservation measures in small holder farming system [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 191-210]
Adsorption Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Chromolaena odorata leaf extract for adsorptive removal of heavy metals and textile dyes from aqueous systems [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 65-77]
Agro-hydrological modelling A systematic review of performance assessment in canal irrigation systems: Integrating socio-technical, remote sensing, and AI-driven approaches for a climate-resilient future [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 254-276]
AI Digital transformation in environmental parameter measurement and monitoring: transitioning from traditional methods [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 349-364]
AI and ML A systematic review of performance assessment in canal irrigation systems: Integrating socio-technical, remote sensing, and AI-driven approaches for a climate-resilient future [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 254-276]
Alashtar basin Evaluation of Combined Models Wavelet-ARIMA-ANN and Wavelet-ARIMA-LSTM Using SRGI Index Simulation in Enhancing Drought Monitoring [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 88-103]
Altitude Investigation of Spatial Distribution and Changes in Temporal Characteristics of Winter Season in the Lake Urmia Basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 338-350]
Anzali Wetland Assessment of the Water Resources Carrying Capacity of Anzali Wetland Using a Combined AHP-Entropy Weighting Method and Forward cloud model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 251-271]
AquaCrop Investigation of the effect of soil salinity and water quality on saffron daughter corms using crop modeling and measured data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 317-334]
Aquifer Evaluation of periodic changes in groundwater level in Bahadoran watershed yazd Provance [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 29-44]
Arbitration Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Climate Change Arbitration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 49-61]
Artificial Intelligence Rainfall-runoff simulation in Saqez sub-basin using artificial neural network model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 74-87]
Artificial Intelligence Investigating the effect of biodiesel on diesel engine corrosion and durability with an environmental assessment: Modeling the impact on water resources with machine learning [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 88-106]
Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Climate Change Arbitration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 49-61]
Arvand River Indirect estimation of Arvand River discharge using numerical modeling and remote sensing: A novel approach in water resources management [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 277-300]

B

Baseflow index Using of Hydrograph Analysis Methods for Base Flow Estimation (Case Study: Silakhor-Rahimabad Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 89-106]
Baseflow separation Using of Hydrograph Analysis Methods for Base Flow Estimation (Case Study: Silakhor-Rahimabad Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 89-106]
Bean cultivar C.O.S16 Investigating the combined effect of different types of irrigation methods and planting rows on the yield and water productivity of pinto beans under different levels of irrigation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 323-337]
Bezier Evaluation of spline and bezier interpolation functions in reference evapotranspiration modeling using satellite image data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 141-158]
Binary logistics regression Determinants of farmers’ use of small-scale irrigation practice in the Achewa area, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 159-173]
Binary Logit Model Adoption of small-scale irrigation pathway for rural food security: Key determinants and coping strategies in Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 78-94]
Binary probit Farmers’ willingness to use and pay for treated wastewater in the context of untreated wastewater availability [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 223-239]
Biochar The effect of biochar-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) on uptake of heavy metals from landfill leachate and industrial wastewater by basil plant [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 51-68]
Biochar Effect of Magnetized Water and Sugarcane Bagasse-derived Biochar on the Growth and Chemical Composition of Spinach Grown under Drought Stress (Limited Irrigation) in Greenhouse Conditions [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 138-159]
Biodiesel Investigating the effect of biodiesel on diesel engine corrosion and durability with an environmental assessment: Modeling the impact on water resources with machine learning [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 88-106]
Biodiversity Probability-based modeling for a quantitative wildfire risk analysis in the protected areas of Guilan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 265-282]
Blockchain Digital transformation in environmental parameter measurement and monitoring: transitioning from traditional methods [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 349-364]
BMPs Investigation of multi-objective optimization algorithms for the design of urban spaces with a focus on quantitative and qualitative control of urban runoff. [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 301-316]

C

Cadmium Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Environments using Zero Iron Nanoparticles [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-88]
Calibration Evaluation of AquaCrop model in predicting rice grain yield and biomass under water stress in different years [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 37-53]
Catchment response Modeling streamflow dynamics under climate and land use shifts using MIKE SHE in the upper Omo Gibe catchment, Ethiopia [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 121-148]
Change Detection Analysis of climate trends and change point detection in Upper Middle Olifants catchment, South Africa [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 199-214]
Climate Projection of temperature and radiation in arid and semi-arid climates under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) scenarios [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 32-48]
Climate Change The effects of climate change on precipitation and temperature using SSP scenarios (case study: Fars province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 199-218]
Climate Change The rainfall-runoff hydrological simulation model based on satellite products with the effect of climate scenarios in the study area of Takab [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 179-194]
Climate Change Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Climate Change Arbitration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 49-61]
Climate Change Water resource sustainability management issues in the Sevan lake basin in the context of climate change [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 149-166]
Climate Change Detection of climate warming signals in Zagros forests using cold temperature indices [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 167-180]
Climate Change Performance of the XGBoost algorithm in downscaling temperature and relative humidity in a temperate climate: a case study in Kermanshah [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 215-232]
Climate Change Assessment of surface runoff response to climate change in a Weyib Watershed using the WeSpass-M model [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 233-251]
Climate Change A systematic review of performance assessment in canal irrigation systems: Integrating socio-technical, remote sensing, and AI-driven approaches for a climate-resilient future [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 254-276]
Climate Change Contribution of irrigation practices for reducing farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 270-293]
Climate Scenarios Comparative analysis of the effects of climate change and land use on runoff and its prediction in a mountainous watershed in Northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 181-198]
Climate variability Sensitivity analysis of climatic factors in water yield modeling in the Talar watershed; an ecosystem service perspective [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 101-120]
Climate variability Contribution of irrigation practices for reducing farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 270-293]
Climatic classification Drainage Density Modeling using Precipitation in Different Climates of Kurdistan Province [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 160-181]
Climatic Controlled Index Assessing the impact of global meteorological signals on drought occurrence in Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 62-87]
Climatic seasons Investigation of Spatial Distribution and Changes in Temporal Characteristics of Winter Season in the Lake Urmia Basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 338-350]
Cloud Model Assessment of the Water Resources Carrying Capacity of Anzali Wetland Using a Combined AHP-Entropy Weighting Method and Forward cloud model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 251-271]
CMhyd downscaling Drought Trend Analysis and Forecasting in the Moghan Plain Using the SPI Index and Cmip6 Climate Models [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 230-260]
CMIP6 Drought Trend Analysis and Forecasting in the Moghan Plain Using the SPI Index and Cmip6 Climate Models [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 230-260]
CMIP models Projection the Wind Field in the Future Based on the CMIP5 and CMIP6 Climate Models in Sistan and Baluchestan Province Introduction [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 219-233]
Colwell predictability Hydrological regime shifts and functional river typologies in South-Western Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 143-158]
Combinations Statistical and multi-criteria methods for preprocessing meteorological data in reference evapotranspiration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 252-269]
Combined index Evaluation of Combined Models Wavelet-ARIMA-ANN and Wavelet-ARIMA-LSTM Using SRGI Index Simulation in Enhancing Drought Monitoring [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 88-103]
Community attitude Determinants of farmers’ use of small-scale irrigation practice in the Achewa area, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 159-173]
Conceptual hydrological model Integration of conceptual hydrological and machine learning models via output augmentation for enhanced streamflow prediction [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 95-115]
Conceptual Modeling of Water and Soil Assessment Assessment of the Impact of Watershed Management Practices on Hydrological Variables in the Mohammadabad Watershed using the SWAT Model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 156-172]
Conservation techniques Soil and water conservation practices: effectiveness and determinants of adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 240-253]
Constitutional Law Climate Litigation and Judicial Activism in Environmental Protection [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 88-100]
CORDEX Assessment of surface runoff response to climate change in a Weyib Watershed using the WeSpass-M model [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 233-251]
Correction of statistical errors Performance of the XGBoost algorithm in downscaling temperature and relative humidity in a temperate climate: a case study in Kermanshah [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 215-232]
Correlation coefficient Evaluation of thermal and combined methods in determining the water requirement of plants using moving correlation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 34-50]
Correlation coefficient Groundwater drought hazard zoning and relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought indices in the Urmia aquifer [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 272-289]
Crop Growth Model Evaluation of AquaCrop model in predicting rice grain yield and biomass under water stress in different years [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 37-53]
CROPWAT 8.0 Assessing spatial pattern of irrigation hydromodule under different crop patterns in northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 195-212]
CSDI6 Detection of climate warming signals in Zagros forests using cold temperature indices [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 167-180]
CVM Farmers’ willingness to use and pay for treated wastewater in the context of untreated wastewater availability [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 223-239]

D

Decline of oak Detection of climate warming signals in Zagros forests using cold temperature indices [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 167-180]
Deficit Irrigation Determining the best volume of potato irrigation water in tape drip irrigation system using by WOFOST model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 1-15]
Deforestation Spatiotemporal variations analysis of water yield ecosystem service in the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran using the InVEST model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 296-308]
Development Evaluation of periodic changes in groundwater level in Bahadoran watershed yazd Provance [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 29-44]
Direct Measurement A systematic review of performance assessment in canal irrigation systems: Integrating socio-technical, remote sensing, and AI-driven approaches for a climate-resilient future [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 254-276]
Disaster Application of GIS and MCDA in flood susceptibility modeling in Jigawa State, Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Discharge The rainfall-runoff hydrological simulation model based on satellite products with the effect of climate scenarios in the study area of Takab [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 179-194]
Discharge Rainfall-runoff simulation in Saqez sub-basin using artificial neural network model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 74-87]
Drainage density modeling Drainage Density Modeling using Precipitation in Different Climates of Kurdistan Province [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 160-181]
Drought Evaluation of periodic changes in groundwater level in Bahadoran watershed yazd Provance [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 29-44]
Drought Evaluation of thermal and combined methods in determining the water requirement of plants using moving correlation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 34-50]
Drought Assessing the impact of global meteorological signals on drought occurrence in Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 62-87]

E

EC concentrations Predicting the electrical conductivity of water using the Hicking CEEMD-LSSVM optimization algorithm [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 323-348]
Ecosystem service Spatiotemporal variations analysis of water yield ecosystem service in the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran using the InVEST model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 296-308]
Environmental factors Comparative Performance Analysis of Google Earth Engine and SNAP Platforms for Estimating Water Quality Parameters in Minab Dam Reservoir Using Multi-Spectral Resolution Satellite Imagery [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 104-122]
Environmental Governance Climate Litigation and Judicial Activism in Environmental Protection [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 88-100]
Environmental Governance Digital transformation in environmental parameter measurement and monitoring: transitioning from traditional methods [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 349-364]
Environmental isotope Investigating the hydrogeological behavior of Sabzevaran fault using groundwater level data, water quality parameters, and environmental isotopes (18O, 3H and 14C) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 107-122]
Environmental Monitoring Digital transformation in environmental parameter measurement and monitoring: transitioning from traditional methods [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 349-364]
Environmental Monitoring Integrating geodetic technology with legal governance for global monitoring of water and soil dynamics: Kalman filter and inverse modeling approaches [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 28-40]
Environmental planning Sensitivity analysis of climatic factors in water yield modeling in the Talar watershed; an ecosystem service perspective [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 101-120]
Environmental policy International climate change law: strategies for mitigation, adaptation, and accountability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 18-31]
ERDAS Imagine Land use/land cover dynamics and their impact on selected soil properties in an Ethiopian highland ecosystem [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 301-322]
Erodibility Estimating soil loss rates and land capability classification based on erosion severity in the Womba Watershed, Southern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 41-64]
Erosion and sedimentation Evaluation of the effects of soil and water protection operations on soil characteristics, erosion and sedimentation in the Rimele watershed of Lorestan province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 15-28]
Ethics Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Climate Change Arbitration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 49-61]
Ethiopia Contribution of irrigation practices for reducing farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 270-293]
Evapotranspiration Evaluation of spline and bezier interpolation functions in reference evapotranspiration modeling using satellite image data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 141-158]
Evapotranspiration The estimation of actual evapotranspiration of irrigated agricultural and Gardens in Nahavand plain using algorithm SEBAL [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 213-230]
Evapotranspiration Evaluation of Actual Evapotranspiration Estimations of GLEAM Model and GRACE Satellite in the Gharehsu-Gorganrud basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 107-123]
Evapotranspiration Evaluation of thermal and combined methods in determining the water requirement of plants using moving correlation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 34-50]
Evapotranspiration Estimating water productivity of center-pivot irrigation systems using the WaPOR (Case study: Moghan plain) [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 174-190]
Extreme value distributions'؛ Statistical model'؛ Wind direction'؛ Climate change'؛ Return period'؛ Development of the Simplified Meta-Statistical Extreme Value (SMEV) Model for Analyzing Extreme Wind Events and Particle Transport Hazards in Eastern Lake Urmia [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 173-196]

F

Factors Socio-economic and biophysical determinants of landscape restoration adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 116-142]
FAO56 Assessing spatial pattern of irrigation hydromodule under different crop patterns in northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 195-212]
FAO Penman Monteith method The estimation of actual evapotranspiration of irrigated agricultural and Gardens in Nahavand plain using algorithm SEBAL [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 213-230]
Farabi sugarcane Investigating the accumulation of salts in the soil under sugarcane cultivation in subsurface drip irrigation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 123-139]
Farmer Participation Biophysical factors determining adoption of soil and water conservation measures in small holder farming system [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 191-210]
Farmers Determinants of farmers’ use of small-scale irrigation practice in the Achewa area, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 159-173]
Farmers adoption Soil and water conservation practices: effectiveness and determinants of adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 240-253]
Fars province The effects of climate change on precipitation and temperature using SSP scenarios (case study: Fars province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 199-218]
FD0 Detection of climate warming signals in Zagros forests using cold temperature indices [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 167-180]
Field capacity Effect of Magnetized Water and Sugarcane Bagasse-derived Biochar on the Growth and Chemical Composition of Spinach Grown under Drought Stress (Limited Irrigation) in Greenhouse Conditions [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 138-159]
Fire behavior model Probability-based modeling for a quantitative wildfire risk analysis in the protected areas of Guilan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 265-282]
Flammability Probability-based modeling for a quantitative wildfire risk analysis in the protected areas of Guilan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 265-282]
Floating balls Application of light concrete balls as floatation balls to reduce evaporation from free water surfaces [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 211-222]
Flood Assessment Application of GIS and MCDA in flood susceptibility modeling in Jigawa State, Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Flood exposure Direct-tangible costs in flood zones simulated using the HEC-RAS 2-D hydraulic model – the Arazkuseh River, Golestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 57-74]
Flooding Flood vulnerability zoning of the basin based on the remote sensing indicators and decision making techniques (Case study: Rakat basin of Khuzestan) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 234-250]
Flood Susceptibility map Evaluation of Machine Learning Techniques (SVM, GLM, FDA, RF) in Preparing Flood Susceptibility Map of a Part of Khuzestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 231-246]
Food Security Adoption of small-scale irrigation pathway for rural food security: Key determinants and coping strategies in Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 78-94]
Forest ecosystem Detection of climate warming signals in Zagros forests using cold temperature indices [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 167-180]
Future Studies Futuristic research of resilience of water resources with scenario planning approach based on case study: Zayandeh Rood watershed [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 1-19]
Fuzzy AHP Flood vulnerability zoning of the basin based on the remote sensing indicators and decision making techniques (Case study: Rakat basin of Khuzestan) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 234-250]
Fuzzy normalization Statistical and multi-criteria methods for preprocessing meteorological data in reference evapotranspiration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 252-269]
FVCOM Indirect estimation of Arvand River discharge using numerical modeling and remote sensing: A novel approach in water resources management [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 277-300]

G

GBWP Estimating water productivity of center-pivot irrigation systems using the WaPOR (Case study: Moghan plain) [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 174-190]
GCM Assessment of surface runoff response to climate change in a Weyib Watershed using the WeSpass-M model [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 233-251]
General circulation models Performance of the XGBoost algorithm in downscaling temperature and relative humidity in a temperate climate: a case study in Kermanshah [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 215-232]
Geocomposite The effect of using bi-levels geocomposite sheets on the chemical and biochemical characteristics of soil under wastewater reuse [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Geodetic data Integrating geodetic technology with legal governance for global monitoring of water and soil dynamics: Kalman filter and inverse modeling approaches [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 28-40]
GLEAM Evaluation of Actual Evapotranspiration Estimations of GLEAM Model and GRACE Satellite in the Gharehsu-Gorganrud basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 107-123]
Global Climate Governance Climate Litigation and Judicial Activism in Environmental Protection [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 88-100]
Global Gridded Precipitation Meteorological drought monitoring based on SPI and mRAI indices in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 351-373]
GMS model Investigating the effect of cropping pattern on changes in underground water level in a part of Mashhad-Chenaran plain aquifer [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 45-56]
Google Earth Engine Estimating soil moisture using vegetation cover indices and soil surface temperature in agricultural and saline fields of Qazvin plain [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 182-198]
Gorganrud Basin Evaluation of Actual Evapotranspiration Estimations of GLEAM Model and GRACE Satellite in the Gharehsu-Gorganrud basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 107-123]
GR4J Integration of conceptual hydrological and machine learning models via output augmentation for enhanced streamflow prediction [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 95-115]
GRACE Evaluation of Actual Evapotranspiration Estimations of GLEAM Model and GRACE Satellite in the Gharehsu-Gorganrud basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 107-123]
Greenhouse gas emissions International climate change law: strategies for mitigation, adaptation, and accountability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 18-31]
Groundwater fluctuations Investigating the hydrogeological behavior of Sabzevaran fault using groundwater level data, water quality parameters, and environmental isotopes (18O, 3H and 14C) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 107-122]
GroundWater Level Evaluation of Ground Water Level using Hybrid Models(Case Study:Khorramabad Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 124-137]
Ground water storage Evaluation of periodic changes in groundwater level in Bahadoran watershed yazd Provance [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 29-44]
Gumbel distribution The effects of climate change on precipitation and temperature using SSP scenarios (case study: Fars province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 199-218]

H

HadGEM3 Projection of temperature and radiation in arid and semi-arid climates under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) scenarios [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 32-48]
Hashemi variety Evaluation of AquaCrop model in predicting rice grain yield and biomass under water stress in different years [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 37-53]
Hazard Assessment Groundwater drought hazard zoning and relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought indices in the Urmia aquifer [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 272-289]
Hazard Assessment Using Sentinel satellite images to study the June 2023 Flood and vegetation indices in the Germi and Ungut counties [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 212-229]
Heavy metal Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Chromolaena odorata leaf extract for adsorptive removal of heavy metals and textile dyes from aqueous systems [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 65-77]
Heavy metals Study and investigation of heavy elements in the soil of Zabol and Birjand cities [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 123-140]
HEC-HMS hydrological model Direct-tangible costs in flood zones simulated using the HEC-RAS 2-D hydraulic model – the Arazkuseh River, Golestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 57-74]
Homogeneity Analysis of climate trends and change point detection in Upper Middle Olifants catchment, South Africa [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 199-214]
Human Rights Climate Litigation and Judicial Activism in Environmental Protection [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 88-100]
Hybrid Evaluation of Ground Water Level using Hybrid Models(Case Study:Khorramabad Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 124-137]
Hybrid Models Self-Attention Mechanism-Long Short Term Memory Neural Network Models for Irrigation Demand Prediction: An Evaluation and Performance Analysis [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 283-300]
Hybrid Models Evaluation of Combined Models Wavelet-ARIMA-ANN and Wavelet-ARIMA-LSTM Using SRGI Index Simulation in Enhancing Drought Monitoring [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 88-103]
Hybrid Models Predicting the electrical conductivity of water using the Hicking CEEMD-LSSVM optimization algorithm [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 323-348]
Hydrochemistry Investigating the hydrogeological behavior of Sabzevaran fault using groundwater level data, water quality parameters, and environmental isotopes (18O, 3H and 14C) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 107-122]
Hydrological modeling Assessment of the Impact of Watershed Management Practices on Hydrological Variables in the Mohammadabad Watershed using the SWAT Model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 156-172]
Hydrological modeling Spatiotemporal variations analysis of water yield ecosystem service in the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran using the InVEST model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 296-308]

I

IHACRES model The rainfall-runoff hydrological simulation model based on satellite products with the effect of climate scenarios in the study area of Takab [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 179-194]
Important features Self-Attention Mechanism-Long Short Term Memory Neural Network Models for Irrigation Demand Prediction: An Evaluation and Performance Analysis [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 283-300]
Indicators cold Detection of climate warming signals in Zagros forests using cold temperature indices [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 167-180]
Infiltration rate Performance assessment of the artificial intelligence models for prediction of the infiltration rate in the Surface Soil of Geological Formations (Case Study: Aleshtar Watershed, Lorestan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 290-308]
Integrated land management Influence of land use and management practices on soil physicochemical properties across slope gradients [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 15-27]
Integrated model Integration of conceptual hydrological and machine learning models via output augmentation for enhanced streamflow prediction [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 95-115]
International legal frameworks Integrating geodetic technology with legal governance for global monitoring of water and soil dynamics: Kalman filter and inverse modeling approaches [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 28-40]
InVEST Model Comparative analysis of the effects of climate change and land use on runoff and its prediction in a mountainous watershed in Northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 181-198]
Iran climatic regions Forecasting monthly rainfall using time series modeling and spectral analysis with Fourier model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 140-155]
Irrigation management Self-Attention Mechanism-Long Short Term Memory Neural Network Models for Irrigation Demand Prediction: An Evaluation and Performance Analysis [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 283-300]
Irrigation management Effects of deficit irrigation combined with the use of biochar and compost on the growth, yield and water use efficiency of green pepper [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 20-36]
Irrigation scenario Determining the best volume of potato irrigation water in tape drip irrigation system using by WOFOST model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 1-15]
Irrigation water Determining the physical water productivity of wheat in different climates of Kermanshah province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 159-178]

J

Jigawa State Application of GIS and MCDA in flood susceptibility modeling in Jigawa State, Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Jiroft plain Investigating the hydrogeological behavior of Sabzevaran fault using groundwater level data, water quality parameters, and environmental isotopes (18O, 3H and 14C) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 107-122]
Judicial Activism Climate Litigation and Judicial Activism in Environmental Protection [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 88-100]

K

Kashkan watershed Performance assessment of the artificial intelligence models for prediction of the infiltration rate in the Surface Soil of Geological Formations (Case Study: Aleshtar Watershed, Lorestan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 290-308]
Kermanshah Determining the physical water productivity of wheat in different climates of Kermanshah province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 159-178]
Key factors Adoption of small-scale irrigation pathway for rural food security: Key determinants and coping strategies in Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 78-94]
Key Words:Downscaling Projection the Wind Field in the Future Based on the CMIP5 and CMIP6 Climate Models in Sistan and Baluchestan Province Introduction [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 219-233]
Khorramabad Evaluation of Ground Water Level using Hybrid Models(Case Study:Khorramabad Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 124-137]
Khuzestan province Evaluation of Machine Learning Techniques (SVM, GLM, FDA, RF) in Preparing Flood Susceptibility Map of a Part of Khuzestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 231-246]
Kurdistan Drainage Density Modeling using Precipitation in Different Climates of Kurdistan Province [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 160-181]

L

Lake Abaya-Chamo Basin Integration of conceptual hydrological and machine learning models via output augmentation for enhanced streamflow prediction [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 95-115]
Lake Sevan Water resource sustainability management issues in the Sevan lake basin in the context of climate change [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 149-166]
Lake Urmia Estimation of surface net water flow and its relationship with hydrological and ecological parameters in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 16-33]
Land degradation Evaluating the soil retention ecosystem service using the InVEST model in Northeastern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 277-295]
Landfill leachate The effect of biochar-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) on uptake of heavy metals from landfill leachate and industrial wastewater by basil plant [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 51-68]
Landsat Assessment of Climate Change Transformations and Their Impact on the Hydrological Regime of Gorgan Bay Wetland [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 1-17]
Landsat Land use/land cover dynamics and their impact on selected soil properties in an Ethiopian highland ecosystem [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 301-322]
Landsat TM5 Indirect estimation of Arvand River discharge using numerical modeling and remote sensing: A novel approach in water resources management [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 277-300]
Landscape restoration Socio-economic and biophysical determinants of landscape restoration adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 116-142]
Landslide Risk Identifying Effective Factors and Landslide Risk Zoning using the Maximum Entropy Method(Case study: Chalus Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 247-264]
Land suitability Estimating soil loss rates and land capability classification based on erosion severity in the Womba Watershed, Southern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 41-64]
Land Treatment The effect of using bi-levels geocomposite sheets on the chemical and biochemical characteristics of soil under wastewater reuse [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Land use Estimating soil loss rates and land capability classification based on erosion severity in the Womba Watershed, Southern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 41-64]
Land Use Change Influence of land use and management practices on soil physicochemical properties across slope gradients [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 15-27]
Land use change impact Modeling streamflow dynamics under climate and land use shifts using MIKE SHE in the upper Omo Gibe catchment, Ethiopia [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 121-148]
Layered double hydroxide The effect of biochar-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) on uptake of heavy metals from landfill leachate and industrial wastewater by basil plant [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 51-68]
Lead The effect of biochar-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) on uptake of heavy metals from landfill leachate and industrial wastewater by basil plant [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 51-68]
Leca Application of light concrete balls as floatation balls to reduce evaporation from free water surfaces [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 211-222]
Legal compliance International climate change law: strategies for mitigation, adaptation, and accountability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 18-31]
Liability Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Climate Change Arbitration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 49-61]
Lorestan province Using of Hydrograph Analysis Methods for Base Flow Estimation (Case Study: Silakhor-Rahimabad Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 89-106]
Lorestan province Performance assessment of the artificial intelligence models for prediction of the infiltration rate in the Surface Soil of Geological Formations (Case Study: Aleshtar Watershed, Lorestan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 290-308]
LULC Evaluating the soil retention ecosystem service using the InVEST model in Northeastern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 277-295]
LULC Application of GIS and MCDA in flood susceptibility modeling in Jigawa State, Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 1-14]

M

Machine Learning Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms’ Performance in Multitemporal Image Classification for Agricultural Management (Case Study: Qazvin Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 54-73]
Machine Learning Investigating the effect of biodiesel on diesel engine corrosion and durability with an environmental assessment: Modeling the impact on water resources with machine learning [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 88-106]
Machine Learning Integration of conceptual hydrological and machine learning models via output augmentation for enhanced streamflow prediction [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 95-115]
Machine Learning Performance of the XGBoost algorithm in downscaling temperature and relative humidity in a temperate climate: a case study in Kermanshah [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 215-232]
Management Estimating soil loss rates and land capability classification based on erosion severity in the Womba Watershed, Southern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 41-64]
Manning&rsquo Direct-tangible costs in flood zones simulated using the HEC-RAS 2-D hydraulic model – the Arazkuseh River, Golestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 57-74]
Mann-Kendall Analysis of climate trends and change point detection in Upper Middle Olifants catchment, South Africa [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 199-214]
Mann–Kendall test Hydrological regime shifts and functional river typologies in South-Western Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 143-158]
Mashhad-Chenaran aquifer Investigating the effect of cropping pattern on changes in underground water level in a part of Mashhad-Chenaran plain aquifer [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 45-56]
Mass Movement Identifying Effective Factors and Landslide Risk Zoning using the Maximum Entropy Method(Case study: Chalus Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 247-264]
MaxEnt Identifying Effective Factors and Landslide Risk Zoning using the Maximum Entropy Method(Case study: Chalus Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 247-264]
Mazandaran Province Spatiotemporal variations analysis of water yield ecosystem service in the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran using the InVEST model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 296-308]
MCDA Application of GIS and MCDA in flood susceptibility modeling in Jigawa State, Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Mean annual precipitation Drainage Density Modeling using Precipitation in Different Climates of Kurdistan Province [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 160-181]
Meteorological drought Drought Trend Analysis and Forecasting in the Moghan Plain Using the SPI Index and Cmip6 Climate Models [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 230-260]
Modeling Evaluation of Ground Water Level using Hybrid Models(Case Study:Khorramabad Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 124-137]
Modeling Rainfall-runoff simulation in Saqez sub-basin using artificial neural network model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 74-87]
Modeling Investigating the effect of biodiesel on diesel engine corrosion and durability with an environmental assessment: Modeling the impact on water resources with machine learning [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 88-106]
Moghan Plain.‎ Drought Trend Analysis and Forecasting in the Moghan Plain Using the SPI Index and Cmip6 Climate Models [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 230-260]
Monitoring Estimating soil moisture using vegetation cover indices and soil surface temperature in agricultural and saline fields of Qazvin plain [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 182-198]
Monitoring and Assessment Comparative analysis of the effects of climate change and land use on runoff and its prediction in a mountainous watershed in Northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 181-198]
MOPSO Investigation of multi-objective optimization algorithms for the design of urban spaces with a focus on quantitative and qualitative control of urban runoff. [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 301-316]
Multinomial logistic regression Biophysical factors determining adoption of soil and water conservation measures in small holder farming system [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 191-210]
Multi-objective optimization algorithm Investigation of multi-objective optimization algorithms for the design of urban spaces with a focus on quantitative and qualitative control of urban runoff. [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 301-316]
Multivariate probit modeling Socio-economic and biophysical determinants of landscape restoration adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 116-142]
MWD Soil resistance improvement against windy erosion by bacterium inoculation and addition of some modifiers [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 309-322]

N

Nahavand Plain The estimation of actual evapotranspiration of irrigated agricultural and Gardens in Nahavand plain using algorithm SEBAL [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 213-230]
NAO Signals Assessing the impact of global meteorological signals on drought occurrence in Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 62-87]
Natural factors Forecasting monthly rainfall using time series modeling and spectral analysis with Fourier model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 140-155]
NBWP Estimating water productivity of center-pivot irrigation systems using the WaPOR (Case study: Moghan plain) [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 174-190]
NDWI Identification of Flash Flood-Prone Areas in Arid and Semi-arid Regions Using Optical and Radar Imagery (Case Study: Semnan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 328-350]
Nitrate Investigating the accumulation of salts in the soil under sugarcane cultivation in subsurface drip irrigation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 123-139]
Nonlinear crop coefficient Modeling Greenhouse Cucumber Evapotranspiration Using Machine Learning: A Random Forest Approach Versus Traditional and Non-linear Crop Coefficients [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 69-87]
Non-user Determinants of farmers’ use of small-scale irrigation practice in the Achewa area, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 159-173]
NSGAII Investigation of multi-objective optimization algorithms for the design of urban spaces with a focus on quantitative and qualitative control of urban runoff. [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 301-316]

O

OAT algorithm Sensitivity analysis of climatic factors in water yield modeling in the Talar watershed; an ecosystem service perspective [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 101-120]
Optimal depth of irrigation Determining the best volume of potato irrigation water in tape drip irrigation system using by WOFOST model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 1-15]
Optimization algorithms Predicting the electrical conductivity of water using the Hicking CEEMD-LSSVM optimization algorithm [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 323-348]
Organic compounds Effects of deficit irrigation combined with the use of biochar and compost on the growth, yield and water use efficiency of green pepper [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 20-36]
Organic Mulch Investigation of the effect of soil salinity and water quality on saffron daughter corms using crop modeling and measured data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 317-334]
OTSU Identification of Flash Flood-Prone Areas in Arid and Semi-arid Regions Using Optical and Radar Imagery (Case Study: Semnan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 328-350]
Oxidation and reduction potential Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Environments using Zero Iron Nanoparticles [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-88]

P

Pearson coefficient Study and investigation of heavy elements in the soil of Zabol and Birjand cities [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 123-140]
Penetration resistance Soil resistance improvement against windy erosion by bacterium inoculation and addition of some modifiers [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 309-322]
Penman-Manteith Evaluation of Actual Evapotranspiration Estimations of GLEAM Model and GRACE Satellite in the Gharehsu-Gorganrud basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 107-123]
Performance Evaluation A systematic review of performance assessment in canal irrigation systems: Integrating socio-technical, remote sensing, and AI-driven approaches for a climate-resilient future [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 254-276]
Physical water productivity Determining the physical water productivity of wheat in different climates of Kermanshah province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 159-178]
Planting calendar Assessing spatial pattern of irrigation hydromodule under different crop patterns in northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 195-212]
Planting row Investigating the combined effect of different types of irrigation methods and planting rows on the yield and water productivity of pinto beans under different levels of irrigation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 323-337]
PR2 Comparative accuracy assessment of satellite (Sentinel-2, SMAP) and ground-based (TDR, PR2) sensors in soil moisture estimation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 309-327]
Precision Agriculture Digital transformation in environmental parameter measurement and monitoring: transitioning from traditional methods [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 349-364]
Prediction A Hybrid SNIP-ANN Model: A Novel Approach for Accurate River Flow Prediction [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 197-211]
Preprocessing Statistical and multi-criteria methods for preprocessing meteorological data in reference evapotranspiration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 252-269]
Prioritization Assessment of the Impact of Watershed Management Practices on Hydrological Variables in the Mohammadabad Watershed using the SWAT Model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 156-172]
Probability distribution Forecasting monthly rainfall using time series modeling and spectral analysis with Fourier model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 140-155]
Protected areas Probability-based modeling for a quantitative wildfire risk analysis in the protected areas of Guilan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 265-282]
Python Modeling Greenhouse Cucumber Evapotranspiration Using Machine Learning: A Random Forest Approach Versus Traditional and Non-linear Crop Coefficients [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 69-87]

R

Rainfall The rainfall-runoff hydrological simulation model based on satellite products with the effect of climate scenarios in the study area of Takab [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 179-194]
Rainfall Anomaly Meteorological drought monitoring based on SPI and mRAI indices in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 351-373]
Rainfall erosivity Estimating soil loss rates and land capability classification based on erosion severity in the Womba Watershed, Southern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 41-64]
Rakat Khuzestan Flood vulnerability zoning of the basin based on the remote sensing indicators and decision making techniques (Case study: Rakat basin of Khuzestan) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 234-250]
Random Forest Evaluation of spline and bezier interpolation functions in reference evapotranspiration modeling using satellite image data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 141-158]
Random Forest Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms’ Performance in Multitemporal Image Classification for Agricultural Management (Case Study: Qazvin Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 54-73]
Random Forest Model Evaluation of Machine Learning Techniques (SVM, GLM, FDA, RF) in Preparing Flood Susceptibility Map of a Part of Khuzestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 231-246]
RCP The rainfall-runoff hydrological simulation model based on satellite products with the effect of climate scenarios in the study area of Takab [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 179-194]
RCP Assessment of surface runoff response to climate change in a Weyib Watershed using the WeSpass-M model [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 233-251]
Recycled water Farmers’ willingness to use and pay for treated wastewater in the context of untreated wastewater availability [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 223-239]
Reference evapotranspiration Modeling Greenhouse Cucumber Evapotranspiration Using Machine Learning: A Random Forest Approach Versus Traditional and Non-linear Crop Coefficients [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 69-87]
Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) Statistical and multi-criteria methods for preprocessing meteorological data in reference evapotranspiration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 252-269]
Reference plant Assessing spatial pattern of irrigation hydromodule under different crop patterns in northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 195-212]
Removal efficiency Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Environments using Zero Iron Nanoparticles [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-88]
Reservoir Application of light concrete balls as floatation balls to reduce evaporation from free water surfaces [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 211-222]
Resilience Futuristic research of resilience of water resources with scenario planning approach based on case study: Zayandeh Rood watershed [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 1-19]
Rimele watershed Evaluation of the effects of soil and water protection operations on soil characteristics, erosion and sedimentation in the Rimele watershed of Lorestan province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 15-28]
River discharge Indirect estimation of Arvand River discharge using numerical modeling and remote sensing: A novel approach in water resources management [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 277-300]
River flow A Hybrid SNIP-ANN Model: A Novel Approach for Accurate River Flow Prediction [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 197-211]
River Plume Indirect estimation of Arvand River discharge using numerical modeling and remote sensing: A novel approach in water resources management [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 277-300]
Runoff Retention Comparative analysis of the effects of climate change and land use on runoff and its prediction in a mountainous watershed in Northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 181-198]
RUSLE Estimating soil loss rates and land capability classification based on erosion severity in the Womba Watershed, Southern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 41-64]

S

Sabzevaran fault Investigating the hydrogeological behavior of Sabzevaran fault using groundwater level data, water quality parameters, and environmental isotopes (18O, 3H and 14C) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 107-122]
Saffron Investigation of the effect of soil salinity and water quality on saffron daughter corms using crop modeling and measured data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 317-334]
Satellite Products The rainfall-runoff hydrological simulation model based on satellite products with the effect of climate scenarios in the study area of Takab [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 179-194]
Scenario-based modeling Modeling streamflow dynamics under climate and land use shifts using MIKE SHE in the upper Omo Gibe catchment, Ethiopia [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 121-148]
Sea Surface Salinity Indirect estimation of Arvand River discharge using numerical modeling and remote sensing: A novel approach in water resources management [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 277-300]
SEBAL algorithm The estimation of actual evapotranspiration of irrigated agricultural and Gardens in Nahavand plain using algorithm SEBAL [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 213-230]
Sediment retention capacity Evaluating the soil retention ecosystem service using the InVEST model in Northeastern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 277-295]
Seed yield Investigating the combined effect of different types of irrigation methods and planting rows on the yield and water productivity of pinto beans under different levels of irrigation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 323-337]
Semi-distributed Model Assessment of the Impact of Watershed Management Practices on Hydrological Variables in the Mohammadabad Watershed using the SWAT Model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 156-172]
Semnan Identification of Flash Flood-Prone Areas in Arid and Semi-arid Regions Using Optical and Radar Imagery (Case Study: Semnan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 328-350]
Sen' Analysis of climate trends and change point detection in Upper Middle Olifants catchment, South Africa [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 199-214]
Sentinel Comparative accuracy assessment of satellite (Sentinel-2, SMAP) and ground-based (TDR, PR2) sensors in soil moisture estimation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 309-327]
Sentinel Identification of Flash Flood-Prone Areas in Arid and Semi-arid Regions Using Optical and Radar Imagery (Case Study: Semnan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 328-350]
Sentinel-1 Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms’ Performance in Multitemporal Image Classification for Agricultural Management (Case Study: Qazvin Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 54-73]
Sentinel-2 Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms’ Performance in Multitemporal Image Classification for Agricultural Management (Case Study: Qazvin Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 54-73]
Sentinel-2 image Direct-tangible costs in flood zones simulated using the HEC-RAS 2-D hydraulic model – the Arazkuseh River, Golestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 57-74]
SGI Index Groundwater drought hazard zoning and relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought indices in the Urmia aquifer [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 272-289]
Sistan and Balochestan Projection the Wind Field in the Future Based on the CMIP5 and CMIP6 Climate Models in Sistan and Baluchestan Province Introduction [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 219-233]
Smallholder farmers Socio-economic and biophysical determinants of landscape restoration adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 116-142]
Small-scale irrigation Determinants of farmers’ use of small-scale irrigation practice in the Achewa area, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 159-173]
Small-scale irrigation Adoption of small-scale irrigation pathway for rural food security: Key determinants and coping strategies in Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 78-94]
Small-scale irrigation Contribution of irrigation practices for reducing farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 270-293]
SMAP Estimation of surface net water flow and its relationship with hydrological and ecological parameters in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 16-33]
SMAP Comparative accuracy assessment of satellite (Sentinel-2, SMAP) and ground-based (TDR, PR2) sensors in soil moisture estimation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 309-327]
Smart agriculture Self-Attention Mechanism-Long Short Term Memory Neural Network Models for Irrigation Demand Prediction: An Evaluation and Performance Analysis [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 283-300]
SNIP Algorithm A Hybrid SNIP-ANN Model: A Novel Approach for Accurate River Flow Prediction [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 197-211]
Soft Computing techniques Performance assessment of the artificial intelligence models for prediction of the infiltration rate in the Surface Soil of Geological Formations (Case Study: Aleshtar Watershed, Lorestan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 290-308]
Soil acidity The effect of biochar-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) on uptake of heavy metals from landfill leachate and industrial wastewater by basil plant [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 51-68]
Soil and water conservation Soil and water conservation practices: effectiveness and determinants of adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 240-253]
Soil Conservation Assessment of the Impact of Watershed Management Practices on Hydrological Variables in the Mohammadabad Watershed using the SWAT Model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 156-172]
Soil contamination The effect of using bi-levels geocomposite sheets on the chemical and biochemical characteristics of soil under wastewater reuse [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Soil erosion Identifying Effective Factors and Landslide Risk Zoning using the Maximum Entropy Method(Case study: Chalus Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 247-264]
Soil erosion Evaluating the soil retention ecosystem service using the InVEST model in Northeastern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 277-295]
Soil fertility Influence of land use and management practices on soil physicochemical properties across slope gradients [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 15-27]
Soil fertility Land use/land cover dynamics and their impact on selected soil properties in an Ethiopian highland ecosystem [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 301-322]
Soil moisture Estimation of surface net water flow and its relationship with hydrological and ecological parameters in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 16-33]
Soil moisture Comparative accuracy assessment of satellite (Sentinel-2, SMAP) and ground-based (TDR, PR2) sensors in soil moisture estimation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 309-327]
Soil pollution Study and investigation of heavy elements in the soil of Zabol and Birjand cities [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 123-140]
Soil quality Evaluation of the effects of soil and water protection operations on soil characteristics, erosion and sedimentation in the Rimele watershed of Lorestan province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 15-28]
Soil salinity Investigation of the effect of soil salinity and water quality on saffron daughter corms using crop modeling and measured data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 317-334]
Soil salinity Estimating soil moisture using vegetation cover indices and soil surface temperature in agricultural and saline fields of Qazvin plain [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 182-198]
Southern Ethiopia Biophysical factors determining adoption of soil and water conservation measures in small holder farming system [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 191-210]
South-Western Nigeria Hydrological regime shifts and functional river typologies in South-Western Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 143-158]
Southwest Ethiopia Soil and water conservation practices: effectiveness and determinants of adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 240-253]
Spatial Drought Analysis Meteorological drought monitoring based on SPI and mRAI indices in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 351-373]
Spatial variations Investigation of Spatial Distribution and Changes in Temporal Characteristics of Winter Season in the Lake Urmia Basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 338-350]
Spline Evaluation of spline and bezier interpolation functions in reference evapotranspiration modeling using satellite image data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 141-158]
SSP scenarios The effects of climate change on precipitation and temperature using SSP scenarios (case study: Fars province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 199-218]
SSP scenarios Drought Trend Analysis and Forecasting in the Moghan Plain Using the SPI Index and Cmip6 Climate Models [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 230-260]
SSP scenarios Projection of temperature and radiation in arid and semi-arid climates under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) scenarios [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 32-48]
Standardized Precipitation Index Assessing the impact of global meteorological signals on drought occurrence in Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 62-87]
Streamflow Hydrograph Using of Hydrograph Analysis Methods for Base Flow Estimation (Case Study: Silakhor-Rahimabad Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 89-106]
Subsurface irrigation The effect of using bi-levels geocomposite sheets on the chemical and biochemical characteristics of soil under wastewater reuse [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Surface adsorption Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Environments using Zero Iron Nanoparticles [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-88]
Surface net water flux Estimation of surface net water flow and its relationship with hydrological and ecological parameters in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 16-33]
Surface Runoff Assessment of surface runoff response to climate change in a Weyib Watershed using the WeSpass-M model [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 233-251]
Sustainable land management Land use/land cover dynamics and their impact on selected soil properties in an Ethiopian highland ecosystem [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 301-322]
Sustainable land productivity Influence of land use and management practices on soil physicochemical properties across slope gradients [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 15-27]
SWC measures Biophysical factors determining adoption of soil and water conservation measures in small holder farming system [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 191-210]
System dynamics Assessment of the Water Resources Carrying Capacity of Anzali Wetland Using a Combined AHP-Entropy Weighting Method and Forward cloud model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 251-271]

T

TDR Comparative accuracy assessment of satellite (Sentinel-2, SMAP) and ground-based (TDR, PR2) sensors in soil moisture estimation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 309-327]
Temperature 25th percentile Investigation of Spatial Distribution and Changes in Temporal Characteristics of Winter Season in the Lake Urmia Basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 338-350]
Temperature threshold Investigation of Spatial Distribution and Changes in Temporal Characteristics of Winter Season in the Lake Urmia Basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 338-350]
Temporal monitoring Comparative Performance Analysis of Google Earth Engine and SNAP Platforms for Estimating Water Quality Parameters in Minab Dam Reservoir Using Multi-Spectral Resolution Satellite Imagery [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 104-122]
The Arazkuseh River Direct-tangible costs in flood zones simulated using the HEC-RAS 2-D hydraulic model – the Arazkuseh River, Golestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 57-74]
Topography Influence of land use and management practices on soil physicochemical properties across slope gradients [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 15-27]
Transparency International climate change law: strategies for mitigation, adaptation, and accountability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 18-31]
Trend Analysis Analysis of climate trends and change point detection in Upper Middle Olifants catchment, South Africa [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 199-214]

U

Uncertainty reduction Integrating geodetic technology with legal governance for global monitoring of water and soil dynamics: Kalman filter and inverse modeling approaches [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 28-40]
Urban Wastewater The effect of using bi-levels geocomposite sheets on the chemical and biochemical characteristics of soil under wastewater reuse [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Urmia Meteorological drought monitoring based on SPI and mRAI indices in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 351-373]
Urmia Lake Basin Estimation of surface net water flow and its relationship with hydrological and ecological parameters in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 16-33]

V

Vegetables The effect of biochar-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) on uptake of heavy metals from landfill leachate and industrial wastewater by basil plant [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 51-68]
Vikor Flood vulnerability zoning of the basin based on the remote sensing indicators and decision making techniques (Case study: Rakat basin of Khuzestan) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 234-250]

W

Water Futuristic research of resilience of water resources with scenario planning approach based on case study: Zayandeh Rood watershed [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 1-19]
Water and soil modeling Integrating geodetic technology with legal governance for global monitoring of water and soil dynamics: Kalman filter and inverse modeling approaches [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 28-40]
Water and Soil Resources Projection of temperature and radiation in arid and semi-arid climates under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) scenarios [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 32-48]
Water consumption Determining the physical water productivity of wheat in different climates of Kermanshah province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 159-178]
Water depth Assessment of Climate Change Transformations and Their Impact on the Hydrological Regime of Gorgan Bay Wetland [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 1-17]
Water efficiency Estimating water productivity of center-pivot irrigation systems using the WaPOR (Case study: Moghan plain) [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 174-190]
Water losses Application of light concrete balls as floatation balls to reduce evaporation from free water surfaces [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 211-222]
Water productivity Determining the best volume of potato irrigation water in tape drip irrigation system using by WOFOST model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 1-15]
Water quality parameters Predicting the electrical conductivity of water using the Hicking CEEMD-LSSVM optimization algorithm [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 323-348]
Water requirement Assessing spatial pattern of irrigation hydromodule under different crop patterns in northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 195-212]
Water requirement Investigating the combined effect of different types of irrigation methods and planting rows on the yield and water productivity of pinto beans under different levels of irrigation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 323-337]
Watershed Drainage Density Modeling using Precipitation in Different Climates of Kurdistan Province [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 160-181]
Watershed hydrology Modeling streamflow dynamics under climate and land use shifts using MIKE SHE in the upper Omo Gibe catchment, Ethiopia [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 121-148]
Watershed Management Practices Assessment of the Impact of Watershed Management Practices on Hydrological Variables in the Mohammadabad Watershed using the SWAT Model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 156-172]
Watershed services Sensitivity analysis of climatic factors in water yield modeling in the Talar watershed; an ecosystem service perspective [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 101-120]
Water yield Water resource sustainability management issues in the Sevan lake basin in the context of climate change [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 149-166]
Water yield zoning Spatiotemporal variations analysis of water yield ecosystem service in the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran using the InVEST model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 296-308]
WetSpass-M model Assessment of surface runoff response to climate change in a Weyib Watershed using the WeSpass-M model [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 233-251]
Wheat Yield Determining the physical water productivity of wheat in different climates of Kermanshah province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 159-178]
Willingness to pay Farmers’ willingness to use and pay for treated wastewater in the context of untreated wastewater availability [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 223-239]
Willingness to use Farmers’ willingness to use and pay for treated wastewater in the context of untreated wastewater availability [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 223-239]
Wind speed Projection the Wind Field in the Future Based on the CMIP5 and CMIP6 Climate Models in Sistan and Baluchestan Province Introduction [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 219-233]
Womba watershed Socio-economic and biophysical determinants of landscape restoration adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 116-142]

X

XGBoost Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms’ Performance in Multitemporal Image Classification for Agricultural Management (Case Study: Qazvin Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 54-73]

Z

Zayandeh Rood watershed Futuristic research of resilience of water resources with scenario planning approach based on case study: Zayandeh Rood watershed [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 1-19]
Zero iron nanoparticles Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Environments using Zero Iron Nanoparticles [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-88]