Water and Soil Management and Modelling

Keyword Index

A

Abarqo-Sirjan Basin Correlation between the average temperature of the Abargu-Sirjan Basin and the teleconnection patterns from the Atlantic Ocean [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 270-285]
Abhar plain Evaluation of climate change and its effects on tomato yield in Abhar Plain [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 63-75]
Abyar & Absar Effect of irrigation supplements, Abyar & Absar on morphological characteristics of Atriplex canescens under greenhouse conditions [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 45-54]
A .canescens Effect of irrigation supplements, Abyar & Absar on morphological characteristics of Atriplex canescens under greenhouse conditions [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 45-54]
Acetic acid Management of pH water used in nutrient solution on strawberry yield strawberry cv. Diamant. [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 314-325]
Achewa Determinants of farmers’ use of small-scale irrigation practice in the Achewa area, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 159-173]
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) Analysis of hydrodynamic patterns in the coastal waters of the Caspian Sea using field measurements [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 89-120]
Acrylic Emulsion resin Comparative optimization of organic and inorganic coagulants for Bromide removal from Ardabil drinking water [(Articles in Press)]
Activated carbon Effects of deficit irrigation combined with the use of biochar and compost on the growth, yield and water use efficiency of green pepper [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 20-36]
Actual Evaporation Monthly prediction of pan evaporation using individual and combined approaches of data mining models in arid regions [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 227-240]
Adaptation Assessment of the impacts of climate change on land surface temperature and drought risk in agricultural land use in Khuzestan province [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 164-191]
Adaptation governance International climate change law: strategies for mitigation, adaptation, and accountability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 18-31]
Adaptation strategy Contribution of irrigation practices for reducing farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 270-293]
Adaptive reflectance fusion model Lands cover classification of Bushehr province using Landsat-8 and MODIS images [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 143-156]
Adoption Biophysical factors determining adoption of soil and water conservation measures in small holder farming system [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 191-210]
Adoption Factors influencing household-level adoption of soil and water conservation practices among smallholder farmers: Application of Binary Logistic Regression [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 171-192]
Adsorbent Life cycle assessment of mGO-NH2 nano-adsorbent disposal methods used for the removal of mercury ions from aqueous solutions [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 269-282]
Adsorption Removal of Direct Blue 71 and chromium from aqueous solutions by metal coating organic adsorbents, metal coating biochar and biochar-metal composite [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 122-132]
Adsorption Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Chromolaena odorata leaf extract for adsorptive removal of heavy metals and textile dyes from aqueous systems [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 65-77]
Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) The relationship between teleconnection indices and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at selected stations in Sistan and Baluchistan Province [(Articles in Press)]
AET Synergistic effect of land use and climate change on evapotranspiration [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 121-139]
Afforrestation Investigation of bioengineering properties of Celtis caucasica and Pistacia atlantica in slope stabilization (Case study: Kalan Malayer Dam) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 192-208]
Aggregate stability Effect of palm leaf and lemon peel biochar on some physical and mechanical properties of a sandy loam soil [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 69-83]
Aghajari formation Comparing of the Runoff and Sediment of Different land uses in Gachsaran and Aghajari formations under Rain simulation [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 55-68]
Agriculture The effect of increasing water use efficiency on improving the status of groundwater resources using WEAP model in Qazvin Plain [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 53-62]
Agriculture Development of an irrigation decision support system and investigation of its compatibility with the conditions of the Mahabad irrigation and drainage network [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 55-74]
Agro-hydrological modeling Optimizing machine learning to reduce crop classification uncertainty in semi-arid Canal command areas [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 303-325]
Agro-hydrological modelling A systematic review of performance assessment in canal irrigation systems: Integrating socio-technical, remote sensing, and AI-driven approaches for a climate-resilient future [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 254-276]
AHP Evaluation of the effects of drought indicators on water poverty (Case Study: Gorgan Township) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 305-320]
AI Digital transformation in environmental parameter measurement and monitoring: transitioning from traditional methods [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 349-364]
AI and ML A systematic review of performance assessment in canal irrigation systems: Integrating socio-technical, remote sensing, and AI-driven approaches for a climate-resilient future [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 254-276]
Ajigol Wetland Effects of biological soil crusts on surface runoff quality [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 93-106]
Alashtar basin Evaluation of Combined Models Wavelet-ARIMA-ANN and Wavelet-ARIMA-LSTM Using SRGI Index Simulation in Enhancing Drought Monitoring [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 88-103]
Alfalfa The effect of alfalfa cover on runoff generation at the scale of erosive plots using a rainfall simulation [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 99-110]
Aligudarz County Assessment of land use changes using multispectral satellite images and artificial neural network [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 18-35]
Allocation scenario Using the WEAP model to evaluate the consumption management of Ayushan dam for different uses [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 44-59]
Almond Impact of effective microorganisms on the amount of leaf and root elements of almond rootstocks under salinity stress [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 185-197]
Altitude Investigation of Spatial Distribution and Changes in Temporal Characteristics of Winter Season in the Lake Urmia Basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 338-350]
Amirkabir Dam Forecasting runoff using statistical methods, artificial intelligence, and meteorological models (case study: Amirkabir Dam) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 105-120]
Amylase Content Percentage Optimizing the amount of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer in ratoon rice using response surface methodology [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 313-328]
Anderson-Darling test The effect of teleconnection patterns on monthly rainfall in Khorramabad and Kermanshah stations [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 133-151]
ANN Impact of wavelet on accuracy of estimated models in rainfall-runoff modeling (Case study: Sufi Chay) [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 67-79]
Ant colony algorithm Application of data-based models and calibrated empirical equations in monthly reference evapotranspiration modeling under different climatic conditions in Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Anzali Wetland Assessment of the Water Resources Carrying Capacity of Anzali Wetland Using a Combined AHP-Entropy Weighting Method and Forward cloud model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 251-271]
Application efficiency Comparing the amount of sugar beet irrigation water using the NIAZAB system and field measurement [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 308-322]
Application efficiency Using the CR index in the optimal design of a row irrigation system with the SIRMOD model [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 39-52]
Application efficiency Field assessment and analysis of border irrigation systems with WinSRFR software (Case study: Urmia Plain wheat fields) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 187-202]
Aq Qala County Factors influencing farmers’ participation in the implementation of modern irrigation: A C5 decision tree approach in Aq Qala county [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 303-316]
AquaCrop Improving the Irrigation Scheduling of Drip Irrigation System Using Field Measurements and Crop Modeling [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 299-313]
AquaCrop Investigation of the effect of soil salinity and water quality on saffron daughter corms using crop modeling and measured data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 317-334]
AquaCrop Future-oriented agricultural water management with scenario-based evaluation: Case study of Maize in Khuzestan [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 232-251]
AquaCrop model Evaluation of climate change and its effects on tomato yield in Abhar Plain [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 63-75]
Aquifer Delineating the source and mechanism of groundwater salinization in a semi-arid region of southeastern Iran using geophysical and hydrochemical approaches [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 93-111]
Aquifer Evaluation of periodic changes in groundwater level in Bahadoran watershed yazd Provance [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 29-44]
Aquifer of Marand Plain Participatory system dynamics modeling for groundwater resources management (Case study: Marand Plain, Iran) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 262-284]
Arbitration Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Climate Change Arbitration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 49-61]
Arboriculture Evaluating the plantation success by mountain almond (Amygdalus scoparia Spach.) and its effect on vegetation and soil in Arjan habitats of Jamal Beyg region, Fars province [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 227-240]
ArcGIS Pollution vulnerability assessment of groundwater in Sirjan Plain using DRASTIC and GIS [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 200-214]
Archaeology Evidence and consequences of the flood in Iran from prehistory to the present [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 24-40]
Arc-Hydro Effect of curve number changes on flood hydrograph in a rapid response watershed (Case study: Ardabil Khiavchai Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 248-261]
Ardabil province Determining changes in carbon sequestration and some soil properties in the elevation gradient of rangelands in the north of Sablan, Iran [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 135-150]
Arid and semi-arid areas Comparison of species distribution models in determining the habitat landscape of Pistacia vera L. specie in Razavi Khorasan province [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 77-92]
Arid ecosystem management Effect of Haloxylon plantation age on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks: management implications for arid land restoration [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 287-302]
Arid lands Investigating the effect of climate change on temperature, rainfall, and intensity-duration-frequency curves in dry areas (case study: Kashan Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 211-226]
Arid zones Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Hydrological Parameters of Rafsanjan Plain Using the SWAT Model [(Articles in Press)]
Artificial Intelligence Performance comparison of Artificial Intelligence models with IHACRES model in streamflow modeling of the Gamasiab River catchment [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 1-16]
Artificial Intelligence Rainfall-runoff simulation in Saqez sub-basin using artificial neural network model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 74-87]
Artificial Intelligence Investigating the effect of biodiesel on diesel engine corrosion and durability with an environmental assessment: Modeling the impact on water resources with machine learning [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 88-106]
Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Climate Change Arbitration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 49-61]
Artificial Intelligence Estimation of Groundwater Levels in Arid Climates Using Machine Learning and Fuzzy Intelligent Systems [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 332-349]
Artificial Intelligence Uncertainty-aware and interpretable machine learning for reference evapotranspiration in contrasting climates of Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Artificial Neural Network Performance comparison of Artificial Intelligence models with IHACRES model in streamflow modeling of the Gamasiab River catchment [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 1-16]
Artificial Neural Network The streamflow prediction of Kurkursar river using hybrid artificial intelligence models [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 181-199]
Artificial Neural Network Modeling of the evaporation process using the hybrid algorithm of the COOT bird and artificial neural network [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 279-294]
Artificial Neural Network Uncertainty analysis of artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) models in predicting monthly river flow (Case study: Ghezelozan River) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 311-326]
Artificial Neural Network Temporal-spatial modeling of precipitation using an approach based on MLR, ANN, HBA-ANN hybrid algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 113-132]
Artificial Neural Networks Comparison of artificial intelligence models and experimental models in estimating reference evapotranspiration (Case study: Ramhormoz synoptic station) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 112-124]
Arvand River Indirect estimation of Arvand River discharge using numerical modeling and remote sensing: A novel approach in water resources management [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 277-300]
Atlantic Ocean Correlation between the average temperature of the Abargu-Sirjan Basin and the teleconnection patterns from the Atlantic Ocean [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 270-285]
Atmospheric hazards Investigating the effects of climate change on torrential rains in Tehran province [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 87-105]
Autocorrelation graph Statistical analysis and forecasting monthly temperature of Sanandaj synoptic station with the application of SARIMA model [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 1-13]
Available iron The effect of cow manure compost enriched with iron and zinc metal scraps on the available iron and zinc concentrations of calcareous soils with different textures [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 212-224]
Available water Evaluation of available surface water resources in Qarah Tikan border basin using satellite products and GIS [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 1-13]
Available water Evaluation of point pedotransfer functions in estimating field capacity and permanent wilting point water content [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 192-207]
Ayushan Dam Using the WEAP model to evaluate the consumption management of Ayushan dam for different uses [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 44-59]

B

Baft county Prediction of the change trend of temperature and rainfall in the future period and its impact on desertification [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 53-66]
Baliqlu Chay Watershed Assessing current cropping patterns in a semi-arid basin using cost-benefit and water productivity indicators [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 252-266]
Barberry Assessing phenological growth stages of barberry tree growth and the effect of climate change on its water requirement in Iran [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 78-92]
Baseflow index Using of Hydrograph Analysis Methods for Base Flow Estimation (Case Study: Silakhor-Rahimabad Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 89-106]
Baseflow separation Using of Hydrograph Analysis Methods for Base Flow Estimation (Case Study: Silakhor-Rahimabad Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 89-106]
Bayesian Theory Assessing the performance of individual and ensembled models in identifying areas with infiltration potential [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 69-86]
Bean cultivar C.O.S16 Investigating the combined effect of different types of irrigation methods and planting rows on the yield and water productivity of pinto beans under different levels of irrigation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 323-337]
Behavior change Comparing the predictive power of the RANAS approach through planned behavior theory in applying sustainable water consumption measures among Minoodasht county farmers [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 130-148]
Bezier Evaluation of spline and bezier interpolation functions in reference evapotranspiration modeling using satellite image data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 141-158]
Binary logistic regression model Factors influencing household-level adoption of soil and water conservation practices among smallholder farmers: Application of Binary Logistic Regression [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 171-192]
Binary logistics regression Determinants of farmers’ use of small-scale irrigation practice in the Achewa area, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 159-173]
Binary Logit Model Adoption of small-scale irrigation pathway for rural food security: Key determinants and coping strategies in Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 78-94]
Binary probit Farmers’ willingness to use and pay for treated wastewater in the context of untreated wastewater availability [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 223-239]
Bioaccumulation coefficient Effect of biochar and vermicompost on the absorb of nickel metal from soil by cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 157-170]
Biochar Removal of Direct Blue 71 and chromium from aqueous solutions by metal coating organic adsorbents, metal coating biochar and biochar-metal composite [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 122-132]
Biochar The effect of biochar-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) on uptake of heavy metals from landfill leachate and industrial wastewater by basil plant [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 51-68]
Biochar Effect of Magnetized Water and Sugarcane Bagasse-derived Biochar on the Growth and Chemical Composition of Spinach Grown under Drought Stress (Limited Irrigation) in Greenhouse Conditions [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 138-159]
Biocrust Effects of biological soil crusts on surface runoff quality [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 93-106]
Biodiesel Investigating the effect of biodiesel on diesel engine corrosion and durability with an environmental assessment: Modeling the impact on water resources with machine learning [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 88-106]
Biodiversity Land use changes around the wetland and diversity of waterfowl and shorebirds in Anzali, Almagol, Alagol, and Ajigol international wetlands (Iran) [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 27-39]
Biodiversity Probability-based modeling for a quantitative wildfire risk analysis in the protected areas of Guilan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 265-282]
Bioengineering Introducing suitable plant species for rill erosion control [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 60-74]
Biological measures Effectiveness of watershed management measures on soil erosion and sediment yield reduction (Case study: Doholkooh Watershed, South Khorasan Province) [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 1-17]
Biological mulch Effect of biological mulches on the shear resistance of soil channels under soil erosion and rainfall simulation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 98-114]
Biomass Evaluation of AquaCrop model for simulation of Wheat plant (Triticum) yield under different scenarios of agricultural management in Qazvin [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 1-16]
Bioremediation Evaluation of the biodegradation of black liquor derived from soda process effluent using Phanerochaete chrysosporium in free and immobilized cell systems [(Articles in Press)]
Birjand Plain Effect of morphometric factors in prioritizing flooding of sub-watersheds in the north of Birjand Plain [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 240-255]
Birjand Plain Estimation of Groundwater Levels in Arid Climates Using Machine Learning and Fuzzy Intelligent Systems [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 332-349]
Blockchain Digital transformation in environmental parameter measurement and monitoring: transitioning from traditional methods [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 349-364]
Blocking of outlets Scheduling and optimal delivery of water in irrigation networks by combining the AquaCrop model and genetic algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 255-268]
BMPs Investigation of multi-objective optimization algorithms for the design of urban spaces with a focus on quantitative and qualitative control of urban runoff. [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 301-316]
Borujerd Synoptic Station Long-term estimation of changes in station climate parameters under the CanESM2 model (Case study: Boroujerd synoptic station) [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 37-52]
Bottom outlet Assessment of the determinants of salinity in the Gotvand Dam reservoir and the contribution of outlet structures to its regulation [(Articles in Press)]
Boustan Dam Evaluation of the efficiency of three data mining models in zoning areas prone to gully erosion (Case study: Upper Watershed of Boustan Dam) [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 219-238]
Brazil Pollution indices of heavy metals in agricultural soils irrigated with raw sewage (Meshginshahr, Ardabil) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 286-306]
Bromide removal Comparative optimization of organic and inorganic coagulants for Bromide removal from Ardabil drinking water [(Articles in Press)]
Brooks and Cory model Investigating the performance of the differential evolution algorithm in estimating soil hydraulic parameters [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 36-51]
Budyko Quantifying the contributions of climate change and human interventions on streamflow alteration in the Hableroud River basin using the hydrological sensitivity analysis approach based on the Budyko hypothesis [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 241-259]
Buishand Range test Quantifying the contributions of climate change and human interventions on streamflow alteration in the Hableroud River basin using the hydrological sensitivity analysis approach based on the Budyko hypothesis [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 241-259]

C

Cadmium Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Environments using Zero Iron Nanoparticles [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-88]
Calibration Modeling and quantitative investigation of the groundwater condition of the South Mehyar-Dasht Asman aquifer using the MODFLOW model [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 1-17]
Calibration Evaluation of AquaCrop model for simulation of Wheat plant (Triticum) yield under different scenarios of agricultural management in Qazvin [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 1-16]
Calibration Evaluation of AquaCrop model in predicting rice grain yield and biomass under water stress in different years [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 37-53]
Calibration Application of data-based models and calibrated empirical equations in monthly reference evapotranspiration modeling under different climatic conditions in Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Canal performance analysis Optimizing machine learning to reduce crop classification uncertainty in semi-arid Canal command areas [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 303-325]
CanESM2 Evaluating the effects of climate change on the climatic classification in Iran [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 95-112]
CanESM2 Model Long-term estimation of changes in station climate parameters under the CanESM2 model (Case study: Boroujerd synoptic station) [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 37-52]
Capital cost Optimal installation depth of subsurface drains with the aim of reducing construction costs [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 13-23]
Carbon dioxide Assessing the effect of climate change and irrigation management on yield and water use efficiency of canola cultivars in Khuzestan province [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 270-286]
Carbon sequestration Impacts of urban expansion on spatio-temporal patterns of carbon storage ecosystem service in Bandar Abbas Watershed using InVEST software [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 91-106]
Carbon sequestration Determining changes in carbon sequestration and some soil properties in the elevation gradient of rangelands in the north of Sablan, Iran [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 135-150]
Caspian Sea Analysis of hydrodynamic patterns in the coastal waters of the Caspian Sea using field measurements [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 89-120]
CatBoost Uncertainty-aware and interpretable machine learning for reference evapotranspiration in contrasting climates of Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Catchment response Modeling streamflow dynamics under climate and land use shifts using MIKE SHE in the upper Omo Gibe catchment, Ethiopia [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 121-148]
Center of mass Simulation of moisture distribution in different soil textures under a point source using the moment analysis method [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 167-182]
Center pivot irrigation Assessing the hydraulic parameter’s uncertainty of the HYDRUS model using DREAM method [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 1-15]
Central Square Design Optimizing the amount and splitting of nitrogen fertilizer in corn using response surface modeling [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 60-76]
Central Square Design Optimization of irrigation intervals and amount of super absorbent in peppermint cultivation using response-surface modeling [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 1-14]
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province Evaluation of PDIR-Now satellite-based precipitation data in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 151-166]
Chalus river Evaluation of water quality in the Chalus River using the statistical analysis and water quality index (WQI) [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 38-52]
Change Detection Assessment of land use changes using multispectral satellite images and artificial neural network [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 18-35]
Change Detection Impact assessment of land-use changes on groundwater quality in Dahram watershed of Fars province [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 165-180]
Change Detection Analysis of climate trends and change point detection in Upper Middle Olifants catchment, South Africa [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 199-214]
Change points detection Analysis of river flow regime changes using the indicators of hydrologic alteration (Case study: Hableroud watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 1-19]
Changes heterogeneity Trend of precipitation and temperature changes at different time scales in the Karkheh Watershed [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 1-12]
Channel Effect of biological mulches on the shear resistance of soil channels under soil erosion and rainfall simulation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 98-114]
Characteristic Curve Sensitivity analysis of Hydrus software to input data in simulating water movement and root uptake of grass as a reference plant [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 94-107]
Charles Burt Method Assessing the status of various irrigation methods in Hokmabad lands of Tabriz city with the Charles Burt method [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 253-268]
Chesb Watershed Evaluating the sensitivity of the landslide event using the support vector machine algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 299-312]
CHIRPS Evaluation of satellite precipitation products for estimating heavy precipitation on the Caspian coast [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 107-122]
Chlorine Chlorine removal from agricultural wastewater using sugarcane bagasse magnetic nano biochar [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 189-210]
Chlorophyll Management of pH water used in nutrient solution on strawberry yield strawberry cv. Diamant. [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 314-325]
Chorology Identification and prioritization of plants for conservation and stabilization of marls (Case study: Tanghesorkh Watershed, Fars Province) [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 1-13]
Clay Loam soil The effect of the combined use of biochar and bentonite on evaporation and soil moisture [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 173-186]
Clay pot irrigation The effect of changes in salinity and irrigation method on the growth of Rose and Hibiscus sabdariffa crops in the Sistan plain [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 181-191]
Climate Synoptic analysis of extremely heavy rains and its effect on the peak discharge of Dez river floods (floods of 1993 and 2005) [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 37-55]
Climate Evaluating the consequences of climate change under two scenarios of existing conditions and carrying out control measures [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 79-98]
Climate Projection of temperature and radiation in arid and semi-arid climates under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) scenarios [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 32-48]
Climate Change Evidence and consequences of the flood in Iran from prehistory to the present [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 24-40]
Climate Change Prediction of the change trend of temperature and rainfall in the future period and its impact on desertification [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 53-66]
Climate Change Evaluation of climate change and its effects on tomato yield in Abhar Plain [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 63-75]
Climate Change Investigating the effects of climate change on torrential rains in Tehran province [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 87-105]
Climate Change Long-term estimation of changes in station climate parameters under the CanESM2 model (Case study: Boroujerd synoptic station) [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 37-52]
Climate Change Comparison of species distribution models in determining the habitat landscape of Pistacia vera L. specie in Razavi Khorasan province [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 77-92]
Climate Change The effect of climate change on the Fariman Dam watershed health using VOR model [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 107-121]
Climate Change Evaluating the effects of climate change on urban runoff based on CMIP6 models (Case study: district 10 of Tehran municipality) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 269-285]
Climate Change The effects of climate change on increasing the risk of drought in Tehran using CMIP6 scenarios [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 133-148]
Climate Change Intuition on Climate Change in Zagros Vegetative Regions Case Study of Oak Tree Decline Sites in Ilam Province [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 149-188]
Climate Change Investigating the effect of climate change on temperature, rainfall, and intensity-duration-frequency curves in dry areas (case study: Kashan Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 211-226]
Climate Change Determining the areas prone to the growth of Rhume ribes L. species in Razavi Khorasan Province using machine learning models [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 75-94]
Climate Change Evaluating the effects of climate change on the climatic classification in Iran [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 95-112]
Climate Change The effects of climate change on precipitation and temperature using SSP scenarios (case study: Fars province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 199-218]
Climate Change The rainfall-runoff hydrological simulation model based on satellite products with the effect of climate scenarios in the study area of Takab [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 179-194]
Climate Change Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Climate Change Arbitration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 49-61]
Climate Change Water resource sustainability management issues in the Sevan lake basin in the context of climate change [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 149-166]
Climate Change Detection of climate warming signals in Zagros forests using cold temperature indices [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 167-180]
Climate Change Rainfall-runoff prediction using the GR2M Hydrological Model under Sixth IPCC Scenarios: A Case Study of Lazoreh and Jangaldeh Watersheds [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 109-131]
Climate Change Performance of the XGBoost algorithm in downscaling temperature and relative humidity in a temperate climate: a case study in Kermanshah [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 215-232]
Climate Change Assessment of surface runoff response to climate change in a Weyib Watershed using the WeSpass-M model [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 233-251]
Climate Change Assessment of the impacts of climate change on land surface temperature and drought risk in agricultural land use in Khuzestan province [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 164-191]
Climate Change A systematic review of performance assessment in canal irrigation systems: Integrating socio-technical, remote sensing, and AI-driven approaches for a climate-resilient future [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 254-276]
Climate Change Contribution of irrigation practices for reducing farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 270-293]
Climate changes Estimating the contribution of climate change and human activities on river discharge variations (Case Study: GharehSoo River) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 168-180]
Climate Diversity Performance evaluation of different potential evapotranspiration models and application of optimal models for drought monitoring using the RDI index across different climate regimes of Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Climate fluctuations Evaluation of present meteorological and hydrological drought and its future forecast in the Tajan Watershed [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 57-78]
Climate risks The effects of climate change on increasing the risk of drought in Tehran using CMIP6 scenarios [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 133-148]
Climate scenario Assessing the effect of climate change and irrigation management on yield and water use efficiency of canola cultivars in Khuzestan province [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 270-286]
Climate Scenarios Comparative analysis of the effects of climate change and land use on runoff and its prediction in a mountainous watershed in Northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 181-198]
Climate variability Sensitivity analysis of climatic factors in water yield modeling in the Talar watershed; an ecosystem service perspective [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 101-120]
Climate variability Contribution of irrigation practices for reducing farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 270-293]
Climatic classification Evaluating the effects of climate change on the climatic classification in Iran [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 95-112]
Climatic classification Drainage Density Modeling using Precipitation in Different Climates of Kurdistan Province [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 160-181]
Climatic Controlled Index Assessing the impact of global meteorological signals on drought occurrence in Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 62-87]
Climatic seasons Investigation of Spatial Distribution and Changes in Temporal Characteristics of Winter Season in the Lake Urmia Basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 338-350]
ClimPACT Software Intuition on Climate Change in Zagros Vegetative Regions Case Study of Oak Tree Decline Sites in Ilam Province [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 149-188]
Cloud Model Assessment of the Water Resources Carrying Capacity of Anzali Wetland Using a Combined AHP-Entropy Weighting Method and Forward cloud model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 251-271]
CMhyd downscaling Drought Trend Analysis and Forecasting in the Moghan Plain Using the SPI Index and Cmip6 Climate Models [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 230-260]
CMIP6 Drought Trend Analysis and Forecasting in the Moghan Plain Using the SPI Index and Cmip6 Climate Models [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 230-260]
CMIP6 Rainfall-runoff prediction using the GR2M Hydrological Model under Sixth IPCC Scenarios: A Case Study of Lazoreh and Jangaldeh Watersheds [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 109-131]
CMIP6 Models Evaluating the effects of climate change on urban runoff based on CMIP6 models (Case study: district 10 of Tehran municipality) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 269-285]
CMIP models Projection the Wind Field in the Future Based on the CMIP5 and CMIP6 Climate Models in Sistan and Baluchestan Province Introduction [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 219-233]
Coagulation Comparative optimization of organic and inorganic coagulants for Bromide removal from Ardabil drinking water [(Articles in Press)]
Coefficient of linear extensibility Effect of Conocarpus biochar on some physical and mechanical properties of calcareous soil under corn cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 19-38]
Co-kriging Estimating precipitation intensity and its spatial distribution based on fractal theory (Case study: Tireh-Borujerd watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 209-226]
Collector drainage Optimal installation depth of subsurface drains with the aim of reducing construction costs [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 13-23]
Colwell predictability Hydrological regime shifts and functional river typologies in South-Western Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 143-158]
Combinations Statistical and multi-criteria methods for preprocessing meteorological data in reference evapotranspiration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 252-269]
Combined index Evaluation of Combined Models Wavelet-ARIMA-ANN and Wavelet-ARIMA-LSTM Using SRGI Index Simulation in Enhancing Drought Monitoring [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 88-103]
Community attitude Determinants of farmers’ use of small-scale irrigation practice in the Achewa area, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 159-173]
Composite Removal of Direct Blue 71 and chromium from aqueous solutions by metal coating organic adsorbents, metal coating biochar and biochar-metal composite [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 122-132]
Comprehensive pollution index The performance of sequencing batch reactors (SBR) in municipal wastewater treatment and risk assessment of SBRs effluent in agricultural irrigation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 84-97]
Concentrated Flow Introducing suitable plant species for rill erosion control [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 60-74]
Conceptual hydrological model Integration of conceptual hydrological and machine learning models via output augmentation for enhanced streamflow prediction [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 95-115]
Conceptual Modeling of Water and Soil Assessment Assessment of the Impact of Watershed Management Practices on Hydrological Variables in the Mohammadabad Watershed using the SWAT Model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 156-172]
Conflict The conflict between stakeholders in Ardabil and Germi counties, Ardabil Province, Iran [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 1-14]
Consequence Evaluating the consequences of climate change under two scenarios of existing conditions and carrying out control measures [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 79-98]
Conservation techniques Soil and water conservation practices: effectiveness and determinants of adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 240-253]
Constitutional Law Climate Litigation and Judicial Activism in Environmental Protection [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 88-100]
Contaminant Removal of Direct Blue 71 and chromium from aqueous solutions by metal coating organic adsorbents, metal coating biochar and biochar-metal composite [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 122-132]
Continental reference values Pollution indices of heavy metals in agricultural soils irrigated with raw sewage (Meshginshahr, Ardabil) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 286-306]
COOT-ANN hybrid algorithm Modeling of the evaporation process using the hybrid algorithm of the COOT bird and artificial neural network [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 279-294]
Coot bird algorithm Modeling of the evaporation process using the hybrid algorithm of the COOT bird and artificial neural network [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 279-294]
CORDEX Assessment of surface runoff response to climate change in a Weyib Watershed using the WeSpass-M model [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 233-251]
Correction of statistical errors Performance of the XGBoost algorithm in downscaling temperature and relative humidity in a temperate climate: a case study in Kermanshah [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 215-232]
Correlation Monthly flow analysis of Sefidrood River using Chaos theory [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 27-41]
Correlation Effect of Enso indices on meteorological drought in the midwest of Iran [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 13-27]
Correlation Evaluation of relationships between meteorological parameters and actual evapotranspiration using regression and hierarchical clustering (Case Study: Castelvetrano, Italy) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 159-172]
Correlation coefficient Evaluation of thermal and combined methods in determining the water requirement of plants using moving correlation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 34-50]
Correlation coefficient Groundwater drought hazard zoning and relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought indices in the Urmia aquifer [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 272-289]
Corrosion index Temporal and spatial investigation of groundwater quality with emphasis on industrial uses in Sefid-Rud Basin [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 119-134]
Cow manure Analysis of the bacterial pollution breakthrough curve in the soil column with different sizes of cow manure in the conditions of grass cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 75-88]
Cow manure Effect of cow manure’s particle size on the distribution of Coliform bacterial contamination in a soil column under grass cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 133-142]
Crop Assessing the status of various irrigation methods in Hokmabad lands of Tabriz city with the Charles Burt method [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 253-268]
Crop classification Optimizing machine learning to reduce crop classification uncertainty in semi-arid Canal command areas [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 303-325]
Crop Growth Model Evaluation of AquaCrop model in predicting rice grain yield and biomass under water stress in different years [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 37-53]
Crop Modeling Evaluation of AquaCrop model for corn simulation under different management of nitrogen fertilizer in Karaj [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 26-41]
Crop Modeling Evaluation of the SALTMED model to simulate potato yield and water productivity under different irrigation water management in the Shahrekord [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 329-340]
Crop pattern Effect of water price under different allocation scenarios on crop pattern economic productivity [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 196-211]
CROPWAT Determining the water requirement of the crop pattern of Ardabil Plain based on up-to-date meteorological statistics [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 285-298]
CROPWAT 8.0 Assessing spatial pattern of irrigation hydromodule under different crop patterns in northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 195-212]
Crop water requirement Assessing current cropping patterns in a semi-arid basin using cost-benefit and water productivity indicators [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 252-266]
Cross-sectional design Factors influencing household-level adoption of soil and water conservation practices among smallholder farmers: Application of Binary Logistic Regression [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 171-192]
Cross-validation Evaluation of MICE-based machine learning models for reconstructing missing climate data in the Urmia Lake basin [(Articles in Press)]
Crow Search The streamflow prediction of Kurkursar river using hybrid artificial intelligence models [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 181-199]
Crust Modeling of land use effect on soil crust strength in southeastern Ahvaz [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 286-296]
CSDI6 Detection of climate warming signals in Zagros forests using cold temperature indices [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 167-180]
Cultivation pattern Spatial evaluation of qualitative parameters of groundwater resources with the aim of its application in agriculture and drinking (Case study: Mehvalat-Feyzabad plain) [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 28-44]
Cultivation pattern Formulation of an optimized Cropping pattern in order to manage groundwater level changes in Shahriar Plain [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 217-235]
Culverts The effect of design discharge and the performance of culverts on the natural flood crisis in selected watershed of Yazd province [(Articles in Press)]
Cumulative heat Analysis of Seasonal Changes and Intensity Metrics of Extreme Climatic Heatwaves in Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Curve Number Determining the changes in flood potential caused by drought periods in the Dehak watershed of South Khorasan province [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 149-164]
CVM Farmers’ willingness to use and pay for treated wastewater in the context of untreated wastewater availability [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 223-239]

D

DAD Application of geostatistical methods in determination of depth-area-duration rainfall curves (Lorestan province) [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 17-26]
Daman-Daran Aquifer Optimization of aquifers' hydrodynamic coefficients by numerical modeling (Case study: Damaneh-Daran Plain Aquifer) [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 262-278]
Data Mining Comparing the performance of the multiple linear regression classic method and modern data mining methods in annual rainfall modeling (Case study: Ahvaz city) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 125-142]
Data Mining Monthly prediction of pan evaporation using individual and combined approaches of data mining models in arid regions [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 227-240]
Data uncertainty Evaluation of MICE-based machine learning models for reconstructing missing climate data in the Urmia Lake basin [(Articles in Press)]
Date palm Comparison of the application of unmodified and modified biochar and microorganisms on some microbial and ecophysiological indicators of soil contaminated with crude oil [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 33-56]
Debris flow Landslide and debris flow risk analysis in Haraz and Lavasanat roads [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 14-29]
Decay of Oak Trees and Ilam Province Intuition on Climate Change in Zagros Vegetative Regions Case Study of Oak Tree Decline Sites in Ilam Province [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 149-188]
Decision Tree Algorithm Factors influencing farmers’ participation in the implementation of modern irrigation: A C5 decision tree approach in Aq Qala county [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 303-316]
Decision tree classifier Soil texture mapping: a novel approach combining interpolation techniques and decision tree classifiers [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 287-302]
Decision tree model Evaluation of MICE-based machine learning models for reconstructing missing climate data in the Urmia Lake basin [(Articles in Press)]
Decline of oak Detection of climate warming signals in Zagros forests using cold temperature indices [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 167-180]
Decomposition Spectral analysis-artificial intelligence model with spatial variables for some soil chemical properties estimation [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 321-338]
Deep learning model Water wave height prediction using a novel hybrid deep learning model with output uncertainty quantification [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 140-170]
Defensive Strategies Appropriate urban infrastructure management strategies against floods from the perspective of passive defense using SWOT and QSPM (Case study: Kashan City) [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 42-52]
Deficit Irrigation Optimizing the amount of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer in ratoon rice using response surface methodology [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 313-328]
Deficit Irrigation Determining the best volume of potato irrigation water in tape drip irrigation system using by WOFOST model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 1-15]
Deforestation Spatiotemporal variations analysis of water yield ecosystem service in the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran using the InVEST model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 296-308]
Dehloran County Investigating virtual water content and agricultural water productivity indicators in crops (Case study: Dehloran County, Ilam Province) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 1-18]
Dehydrogenase enzyme Comparison of the application of unmodified and modified biochar and microorganisms on some microbial and ecophysiological indicators of soil contaminated with crude oil [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 33-56]
Delay time Monthly flow analysis of Sefidrood River using Chaos theory [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 27-41]
De Martonne aridity index Evaluating the effects of climate change on the climatic classification in Iran [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 95-112]
Density The effect of livestock grazing intensity on the frequency distribution pattern and species abundance of rangelands in Sarbisheh, South Khorasan [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 198-216]
Depth Application of geostatistical methods in determination of depth-area-duration rainfall curves (Lorestan province) [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 17-26]
Design-Expert software Comparative optimization of organic and inorganic coagulants for Bromide removal from Ardabil drinking water [(Articles in Press)]
Desorption Life cycle assessment of mGO-NH2 nano-adsorbent disposal methods used for the removal of mercury ions from aqueous solutions [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 269-282]
Detection of Land cover/Land use A review of remote sensing vegetation indices in the land cover assessment [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 297-318]
Development Evaluation of periodic changes in groundwater level in Bahadoran watershed yazd Provance [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 29-44]
Digital mapping Soil texture mapping: a novel approach combining interpolation techniques and decision tree classifiers [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 287-302]
Dimensionality reduction Evaluating the efficiency of dimensionality reduction methods in improving the accuracy of water quality index modeling in Qizil-Uzen River using machine learning algorithms [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 89-104]
Direct Measurement A systematic review of performance assessment in canal irrigation systems: Integrating socio-technical, remote sensing, and AI-driven approaches for a climate-resilient future [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 254-276]
Disaster Application of GIS and MCDA in flood susceptibility modeling in Jigawa State, Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Discharge The rainfall-runoff hydrological simulation model based on satellite products with the effect of climate scenarios in the study area of Takab [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 179-194]
Discharge Rainfall-runoff simulation in Saqez sub-basin using artificial neural network model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 74-87]
Dispersion coefficient Sensitivity analysis of hydraulic parameters of transport heavy metals Cd, Ni, and Zn in disturbed and undisturbed loamy soil columns [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 203-224]
Distribution canal Scheduling and optimal delivery of water in irrigation networks by combining the AquaCrop model and genetic algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 255-268]
Diversity The effect of livestock grazing intensity on the frequency distribution pattern and species abundance of rangelands in Sarbisheh, South Khorasan [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 198-216]
Double Mass Curve method Quantifying the contributions of climate change and direct human interventions to streamflow alteration in the Hablehrood watershed using empirical approaches [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 298-315]
Downscaling model Investigating the effects of climate change on torrential rains in Tehran province [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 87-105]
Drainage The effect of using bi-levels of geocomposite sheets on the quality of Shahrekord University wastewater [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 203-218]
Drainage density modeling Drainage Density Modeling using Precipitation in Different Climates of Kurdistan Province [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 160-181]
Drainage Morphometry Digital elevation model based-morphometric characterization of Pambujan River Basin in Northern Samar, Philippines [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 52-66]
Drainage pipe Optimal installation depth of subsurface drains with the aim of reducing construction costs [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 13-23]
Drainage Water Quality The effect of using bi-levels of geocomposite sheets on the quality of Shahrekord University wastewater [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 203-218]
DRASTIC Pollution vulnerability assessment of groundwater in Sirjan Plain using DRASTIC and GIS [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 200-214]
DREAM algorithm Assessing the hydraulic parameter’s uncertainty of the HYDRUS model using DREAM method [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 1-15]
Drought Effect of Enso indices on meteorological drought in the midwest of Iran [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 13-27]
Drought Spatio-temporal variation of meteorological drought and its relation with temperature and vegetation condition indices using remote sensing and satellite imagery in Marvdasht city [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 72-89]
Drought Evaluation of present meteorological and hydrological drought and its future forecast in the Tajan Watershed [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 57-78]
Drought Evaluation of periodic changes in groundwater level in Bahadoran watershed yazd Provance [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 29-44]
Drought Evaluation of thermal and combined methods in determining the water requirement of plants using moving correlation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 34-50]
Drought Assessing the impact of global meteorological signals on drought occurrence in Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 62-87]
Drought Assessment of the impacts of climate change on land surface temperature and drought risk in agricultural land use in Khuzestan province [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 164-191]
Drought Assessment of groundwater resources vulnerability, reliability and resilience under drought condition (Case study: Dehgolan plain, Kurdistan province) [(Articles in Press)]
Drought events Analysis of meteorological drought characteristics in Iran using high-resolution TerraClimate data and the runs theory [(Articles in Press)]
Drought Index Evaluation of the effects of drought indicators on water poverty (Case Study: Gorgan Township) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 305-320]
Drought monitoring Comparative study of drought meteorological (SPI) and hydrological (SSI) indices based on the best cumulative distribution function for Urmia Basin [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 53-63]
Drought severity zoning Temporal changes in meteorological-hydrological drought (Case study: Guilan Province) [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 1-13]
Drought zoning Investigating the relation between agricultural and meteorology drought using MLP neural network in northwest Iran [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 163-179]
Dry Rangland Evaluation of the effect of range exclosure on soil erosion at plots scale (Case study: Sanganeh Soil Conservation Research Site) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 66-77]
Dry regions Determining the areas prone to the growth of Rhume ribes L. species in Razavi Khorasan Province using machine learning models [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 75-94]
Dust Management Challenges and strategies towards combating dust storm in Sistan based on the institutional stakeholders viewpoint [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 48-56]
Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Models Evaluating the impact of water pricing on macroeconomic variables in Iran using dynamic computable general equilibrium models [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 260-269]

E

EC concentrations Predicting the electrical conductivity of water using the Hicking CEEMD-LSSVM optimization algorithm [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 323-348]
Ecological degradation Development of an incorporative PSR-Fuzzy model for health assessment of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 152-167]
Ecological potential Prioritizing watershed management practices in the Ferizi and Rig-Sefid watersheds using Fuzzy-TOPSIS Method [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 64-76]
Ecological potential Prediction of the most suitable areas for forestry, pasture and agriculture land uses using the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 135-149]
Economic analysis Assessing current cropping patterns in a semi-arid basin using cost-benefit and water productivity indicators [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 252-266]
Economic productivity Investigating virtual water content and physical and economic water productivity indicators in crops (Case study: Moghan irrigation network, Ardabil province) [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 277-295]
Economic productivity Improving wheat irrigation productivity in Iran (Part one: from the view point of irrigation system and water management) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 171-193]
Economic productivity Investigating virtual water content and agricultural water productivity indicators in crops (Case study: Dehloran County, Ilam Province) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 1-18]
Economic Sectors Evaluating the impact of water pricing on macroeconomic variables in Iran using dynamic computable general equilibrium models [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 260-269]
Ecosystems Assessing watershed sustainability using the watershed sustainability index (Case study: Bujin watershed in Hamadan province) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 17-32]
Ecosystem service Spatiotemporal variations analysis of water yield ecosystem service in the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran using the InVEST model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 296-308]
Ecosystem services Impacts of urban expansion on spatio-temporal patterns of carbon storage ecosystem service in Bandar Abbas Watershed using InVEST software [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 91-106]
Effective microorganisms Impact of effective microorganisms on the amount of leaf and root elements of almond rootstocks under salinity stress [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 185-197]
Effective rainfall Estimation of the effective rainfall by reverse solution method and using artificial intelligence (Case study: Kermanshah Province) [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 249-261]
Electricity Life cycle assessment of mGO-NH2 nano-adsorbent disposal methods used for the removal of mercury ions from aqueous solutions [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 269-282]
Embedding dimension Monthly flow analysis of Sefidrood River using Chaos theory [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 27-41]
Empirical models Comparison of artificial intelligence models and experimental models in estimating reference evapotranspiration (Case study: Ramhormoz synoptic station) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 112-124]
Endothermic temperature The effect of the combined use of biochar and bentonite on evaporation and soil moisture [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 173-186]
Energy slope-conveyance method Estimating flood discharge in compound river channels using minimum gauging data [(Articles in Press)]
Enriched organic fertilizer The effect of cow manure compost enriched with iron and zinc metal scraps on the available iron and zinc concentrations of calcareous soils with different textures [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 212-224]
Enso Effect of Enso indices on meteorological drought in the midwest of Iran [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 13-27]
Entropy Method Landslide sensitivity assessment using fuzzy logic approach and GIS in Neka Watershed [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 67-80]
ENVI Synergistic effect of land use and climate change on evapotranspiration [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 121-139]
Environment Investigation of groundwater quality changes in Varamin Plain of Tehran [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 14-26]
Environmental consequences Land cover dynamics and urbanization in peri-urban areas: Assessing the socio-economic and environmental consequences of rapid urban expansion [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 21-35]
Environmental demand The effect of applying river environmental requirements on the design and operation characteristics of storage reservoirs using the Monte Carlo method (case study: Nazlou reservoir dam) [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 54-76]
Environmental factors Comparative Performance Analysis of Google Earth Engine and SNAP Platforms for Estimating Water Quality Parameters in Minab Dam Reservoir Using Multi-Spectral Resolution Satellite Imagery [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 104-122]
Environmental flow Long-term assessment of changes in environmental flow regime for sustainable water resources management in a permanent river, Northwest Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Environmental Governance Climate Litigation and Judicial Activism in Environmental Protection [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 88-100]
Environmental Governance Digital transformation in environmental parameter measurement and monitoring: transitioning from traditional methods [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 349-364]
Environmental isotope Investigating the hydrogeological behavior of Sabzevaran fault using groundwater level data, water quality parameters, and environmental isotopes (18O, 3H and 14C) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 107-122]
Environmental Monitoring Digital transformation in environmental parameter measurement and monitoring: transitioning from traditional methods [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 349-364]
Environmental Monitoring Integrating geodetic technology with legal governance for global monitoring of water and soil dynamics: Kalman filter and inverse modeling approaches [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 28-40]
Environmental Monitoring Integrated biotic and abiotic indicators for evaluating ecosystem health in the Qara-Su River, Iran [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 193-208]
Environmental planning Sensitivity analysis of climatic factors in water yield modeling in the Talar watershed; an ecosystem service perspective [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 101-120]
Environmental policy International climate change law: strategies for mitigation, adaptation, and accountability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 18-31]
ERA5- Land Evaluation of available surface water resources in Qarah Tikan border basin using satellite products and GIS [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 1-13]
ERDAS Imagine Land use/land cover dynamics and their impact on selected soil properties in an Ethiopian highland ecosystem [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 301-322]
Erodibility Assessing weathering and resistance of rock units against erosion in the West Islamabad region, Kermanshah province [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 150-162]
Erodibility Estimating soil loss rates and land capability classification based on erosion severity in the Womba Watershed, Southern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 41-64]
Erosion Identification and prioritization of plants for conservation and stabilization of marls (Case study: Tanghesorkh Watershed, Fars Province) [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 1-13]
Erosion Effect of biological mulches on the shear resistance of soil channels under soil erosion and rainfall simulation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 98-114]
Erosion Investigation of bioengineering properties of Celtis caucasica and Pistacia atlantica in slope stabilization (Case study: Kalan Malayer Dam) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 192-208]
Erosion Effects of surface roughness on sediment heterogeneity under different slopes and rainfall intensities using rainfall simulator [(Articles in Press)]
Erosion and sedimentation Evaluation of the effects of soil and water protection operations on soil characteristics, erosion and sedimentation in the Rimele watershed of Lorestan province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 15-28]
Erosion and sedimentation Spatio-temporal monitoring of piping and assessment of erosion and sedimentation using Multi-temporal UAV data [(Articles in Press)]
Erosion Plots Prediction of soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio using RUSLE at Sanganeh soil conservation research station [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 42-53]
Escherichia coli Effect of cow manure’s particle size on the distribution of Coliform bacterial contamination in a soil column under grass cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 133-142]
Escherichia coli bacteria Analysis of the bacterial pollution breakthrough curve in the soil column with different sizes of cow manure in the conditions of grass cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 75-88]
Essential Oil Content Optimization of irrigation intervals and amount of super absorbent in peppermint cultivation using response-surface modeling [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 1-14]
Estuarine hydraulics Optimal channel geometry for balancing discharge and tidal resistance: insights from the Shatt al-Arab River [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 267-286]
Ethics Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Climate Change Arbitration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 49-61]
Ethiopia Contribution of irrigation practices for reducing farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 270-293]
Evaporation suppression A review of evaporation suppression methods from open surface reservoirs using SWOT analysis [(Articles in Press)]
Evapotranspiration Comparison of artificial intelligence models and experimental models in estimating reference evapotranspiration (Case study: Ramhormoz synoptic station) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 112-124]
Evapotranspiration Estimation of the effective rainfall by reverse solution method and using artificial intelligence (Case study: Kermanshah Province) [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 249-261]
Evapotranspiration Evaluation and assessment of surface energy balance algorithm for land by Landsat 5 satellite imageries to determine water requirement and water productivity of sugar beet by lysimetric data [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 251-268]
Evapotranspiration Forecasting river flow using neural intelligence models and LARS-WG models (Case study: Kashkan Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 225-238]
Evapotranspiration Evaluation of spline and bezier interpolation functions in reference evapotranspiration modeling using satellite image data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 141-158]
Evapotranspiration The estimation of actual evapotranspiration of irrigated agricultural and Gardens in Nahavand plain using algorithm SEBAL [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 213-230]
Evapotranspiration Evaluation of Actual Evapotranspiration Estimations of GLEAM Model and GRACE Satellite in the Gharehsu-Gorganrud basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 107-123]
Evapotranspiration Evaluation of thermal and combined methods in determining the water requirement of plants using moving correlation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 34-50]
Evapotranspiration Estimating water productivity of center-pivot irrigation systems using the WaPOR (Case study: Moghan plain) [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 174-190]
Evapotranspiration Assessing the effect of climate change and irrigation management on yield and water use efficiency of canola cultivars in Khuzestan province [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 270-286]
Evapotranspiration Application of data-based models and calibrated empirical equations in monthly reference evapotranspiration modeling under different climatic conditions in Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Evapotranspiration Uncertainty-aware and interpretable machine learning for reference evapotranspiration in contrasting climates of Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Experimental equations Application of data-based models and calibrated empirical equations in monthly reference evapotranspiration modeling under different climatic conditions in Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Experimental watersheds Prediction of soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio using RUSLE at Sanganeh soil conservation research station [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 42-53]
Explainable AI (XAI) Uncertainty-aware and interpretable machine learning for reference evapotranspiration in contrasting climates of Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Exploitation The conflict between stakeholders in Ardabil and Germi counties, Ardabil Province, Iran [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 1-14]
Extreme Precipitation Investigating the effects of climate change on torrential rains in Tehran province [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 87-105]
Extreme Rainfalls Evidence and consequences of the flood in Iran from prehistory to the present [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 24-40]
Extreme value distributions'؛ Statistical model'؛ Wind direction'؛ Climate change'؛ Return period'؛ Development of the Simplified Meta-Statistical Extreme Value (SMEV) Model for Analyzing Extreme Wind Events and Particle Transport Hazards in Eastern Lake Urmia [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 173-196]

F

Factors Socio-economic and biophysical determinants of landscape restoration adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 116-142]
FAO56 Assessing spatial pattern of irrigation hydromodule under different crop patterns in northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 195-212]
FAO-56 Penman–Monteith Development of multiple linear regression models for annual reference evapotranspiration estimation under limited data conditions [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 209-231]
FAO Penman Monteith method The estimation of actual evapotranspiration of irrigated agricultural and Gardens in Nahavand plain using algorithm SEBAL [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 213-230]
Farabi sugarcane Investigating the accumulation of salts in the soil under sugarcane cultivation in subsurface drip irrigation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 123-139]
Farmer Participation Biophysical factors determining adoption of soil and water conservation measures in small holder farming system [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 191-210]
Farmers Determinants of farmers’ use of small-scale irrigation practice in the Achewa area, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 159-173]
Farmers adoption Soil and water conservation practices: effectiveness and determinants of adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 240-253]
Fars province The effects of climate change on precipitation and temperature using SSP scenarios (case study: Fars province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 199-218]
Fast runoff Evaluation of the basin hydrological response to the instantaneous storm process using the concepts of MATLAB software simulink control system [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 102-118]
FD0 Detection of climate warming signals in Zagros forests using cold temperature indices [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 167-180]
Fe-coated biochar Adsorption of nitrate from aqueous solution by biochar and Fe–coated biochar [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 70-84]
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Flood risk assessment in campus of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and presentation management scenarios using HEC-RAS model [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 225-239]
Fertilizer Splitting Optimizing the amount and splitting of nitrogen fertilizer in corn using response surface modeling [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 60-76]
Field capacity The effect of organic fertilizer on the changes of soil physical properties in different rotations cultivation in permanent plots [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 121-132]
Field capacity Effect of Magnetized Water and Sugarcane Bagasse-derived Biochar on the Growth and Chemical Composition of Spinach Grown under Drought Stress (Limited Irrigation) in Greenhouse Conditions [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 138-159]
Field studies Effects of surface roughness on sediment heterogeneity under different slopes and rainfall intensities using rainfall simulator [(Articles in Press)]
Final infiltration rate The effect of organic fertilizer on the changes of soil physical properties in different rotations cultivation in permanent plots [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 121-132]
Fingerprinting Analysis of the relationship between land use contributions to sediment yield with landscape metrics and soil erosion factors in the Kasilian watershed [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 94-108]
Fire behavior model Probability-based modeling for a quantitative wildfire risk analysis in the protected areas of Guilan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 265-282]
Fire Management Assessment of drought condition in Guilan Province using the Keetch–Byram Drought Index (KBDI) in accordance with the Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI) [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 57-67]
Flammability Probability-based modeling for a quantitative wildfire risk analysis in the protected areas of Guilan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 265-282]
Floating balls Application of light concrete balls as floatation balls to reduce evaporation from free water surfaces [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 211-222]
Flood Flood risk assessment in campus of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and presentation management scenarios using HEC-RAS model [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 225-239]
Flood Effect of morphometric factors in prioritizing flooding of sub-watersheds in the north of Birjand Plain [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 240-255]
Flood The effect of design discharge and the performance of culverts on the natural flood crisis in selected watershed of Yazd province [(Articles in Press)]
Flood Assessment Application of GIS and MCDA in flood susceptibility modeling in Jigawa State, Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Flood exposure Direct-tangible costs in flood zones simulated using the HEC-RAS 2-D hydraulic model – the Arazkuseh River, Golestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 57-74]
Flood History Evidence and consequences of the flood in Iran from prehistory to the present [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 24-40]
Flooding Flood vulnerability zoning of the basin based on the remote sensing indicators and decision making techniques (Case study: Rakat basin of Khuzestan) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 234-250]
Flooding Classification of critical flood areas based on artificial intelligence algorithms and combined with crowd wisdom methods (Case study: Rakaat Dezpart watershed) [(Articles in Press)]
Flood Management Application of participatory approach in identifying critical sub-watersheds based on flood generation potential in the Cheshmeh-Kileh Watershed, Mazandaran Province [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 90-107]
Flood Management Evaluating the performance of the flexible discriminant analysis model in predicting the flooding potential of the Zarrineh-Rood Watershed [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 269-284]
Floodplains Estimating flood discharge in compound river channels using minimum gauging data [(Articles in Press)]
Flood Susceptibility map Evaluation of Machine Learning Techniques (SVM, GLM, FDA, RF) in Preparing Flood Susceptibility Map of a Part of Khuzestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 231-246]
Flow Duration Curve (FDC) Suspended sediment load modeling by machine learning algorithms in low and high discharge periods (Case study: Kashkan watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 50-65]
Flow forecasting Forecasting runoff using statistical methods, artificial intelligence, and meteorological models (case study: Amirkabir Dam) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 105-120]
Flow interruption time Using the CR index in the optimal design of a row irrigation system with the SIRMOD model [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 39-52]
Flow prediction Uncertainty analysis of artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) models in predicting monthly river flow (Case study: Ghezelozan River) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 311-326]
Food chain Effect of biochar and vermicompost on the absorb of nickel metal from soil by cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 157-170]
Food Security Linking soil erosion and food security in Kano State, Nigeria: A geospatial assessment using RUSLE and household surveys [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 1-20]
Food Security Adoption of small-scale irrigation pathway for rural food security: Key determinants and coping strategies in Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 78-94]
Forest ecosystem Detection of climate warming signals in Zagros forests using cold temperature indices [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 167-180]
Fortran programming language Uncertainty analysis in the simulation of effective seepage flow through earth dams with the Monte Carlo algorithm and machine learning [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 151-170]
Fractal theory Estimating precipitation intensity and its spatial distribution based on fractal theory (Case study: Tireh-Borujerd watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 209-226]
Fredlund model Comparison of particle size distribution of sediments in mountain and river sand and gravel mining in Urmia City [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 52-65]
Fu's method Quantifying the contributions of climate change and human interventions on streamflow alteration in the Hableroud River basin using the hydrological sensitivity analysis approach based on the Budyko hypothesis [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 241-259]
Future Studies Futuristic research of resilience of water resources with scenario planning approach based on case study: Zayandeh Rood watershed [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 1-19]
Fuzzy AHP Flood vulnerability zoning of the basin based on the remote sensing indicators and decision making techniques (Case study: Rakat basin of Khuzestan) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 234-250]
Fuzzy normalization Statistical and multi-criteria methods for preprocessing meteorological data in reference evapotranspiration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 252-269]
FVCOM Indirect estimation of Arvand River discharge using numerical modeling and remote sensing: A novel approach in water resources management [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 277-300]

G

Gachsaran formation Comparing of the Runoff and Sediment of Different land uses in Gachsaran and Aghajari formations under Rain simulation [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 55-68]
Gachsaran formation Contribution of two Sioul and Ghadah tributaries in reducing the water quality of the Meimeh River: determination of critical points and remedial solutions [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 79-93]
Galikesh Watershed Comparative assessment of Sacramento, SMAR, and SimHyd models in long-term daily runoff simulation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 279-297]
Gamasiab watershed Performance comparison of Artificial Intelligence models with IHACRES model in streamflow modeling of the Gamasiab River catchment [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 1-16]
GAMLSS Non-stationary modeling of the meteorological drought index SPIt using generalized additive models for location, scale and shape [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 37-53]
Gamma distribution Comparative study of drought meteorological (SPI) and hydrological (SSI) indices based on the best cumulative distribution function for Urmia Basin [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 53-63]
GBWP Estimating water productivity of center-pivot irrigation systems using the WaPOR (Case study: Moghan plain) [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 174-190]
GCM Assessment of surface runoff response to climate change in a Weyib Watershed using the WeSpass-M model [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 233-251]
GDVI Spatial analysis of soil salinity anomaly in Fars Province due to heavy spring rains [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 36-49]
Gelatinization temperature Optimizing the amount of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer in ratoon rice using response surface methodology [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 313-328]
Gene Expression Programming Comparing the performance of the multiple linear regression classic method and modern data mining methods in annual rainfall modeling (Case study: Ahvaz city) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 125-142]
Gene Expression Programming Assessing soft calculation methods in river suspended sediment estimation (Hassan Abad station of Tirah river) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 241-260]
General circulation models Performance of the XGBoost algorithm in downscaling temperature and relative humidity in a temperate climate: a case study in Kermanshah [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 215-232]
Geocomposite The effect of using bi-levels of geocomposite sheets on the quality of Shahrekord University wastewater [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 203-218]
Geocomposite The effect of using bi-levels geocomposite sheets on the chemical and biochemical characteristics of soil under wastewater reuse [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Geodetic data Integrating geodetic technology with legal governance for global monitoring of water and soil dynamics: Kalman filter and inverse modeling approaches [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 28-40]
Geoelectric Delineating the source and mechanism of groundwater salinization in a semi-arid region of southeastern Iran using geophysical and hydrochemical approaches [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 93-111]
Geographical distribution Comparison of species distribution models in determining the habitat landscape of Pistacia vera L. specie in Razavi Khorasan province [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 77-92]
Geographical information system (GIS) Impact assessment of land-use changes on groundwater quality in Dahram watershed of Fars province [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 165-180]
Geographic information system Detecting groundwater resources potential in Isfahan Lenjanat region using weights-of-evidence model [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 25-37]
Geomorphology Digital elevation model based-morphometric characterization of Pambujan River Basin in Northern Samar, Philippines [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 52-66]
Geomorphometry Evaluation of the performance of sediment connectivity and sediment transport capacity indicators in the spatial analysis of the sediment flux pattern in the Neyriz Watershed, Fars Province [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 239-252]
Geospatial analysis Linking soil erosion and food security in Kano State, Nigeria: A geospatial assessment using RUSLE and household surveys [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 1-20]
GF677 Impact of effective microorganisms on the amount of leaf and root elements of almond rootstocks under salinity stress [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 185-197]
Ghahraman- Abkhezr Method Investigating the effect of climate change on temperature, rainfall, and intensity-duration-frequency curves in dry areas (case study: Kashan Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 211-226]
Ghahraman method Estimating precipitation intensity and its spatial distribution based on fractal theory (Case study: Tireh-Borujerd watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 209-226]
Ghezelozan River Uncertainty analysis of artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) models in predicting monthly river flow (Case study: Ghezelozan River) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 311-326]
GIS Landslide sensitivity assessment using fuzzy logic approach and GIS in Neka Watershed [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 67-80]
GIS Trend analysis of water quality variation of the Karun River using the Mann-Kendall test and geographic information system (GIS) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 327-342]
GIS Soil texture mapping: a novel approach combining interpolation techniques and decision tree classifiers [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 287-302]
GLEAM Evaluation of Actual Evapotranspiration Estimations of GLEAM Model and GRACE Satellite in the Gharehsu-Gorganrud basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 107-123]
Global Climate Governance Climate Litigation and Judicial Activism in Environmental Protection [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 88-100]
Global Gridded Precipitation Meteorological drought monitoring based on SPI and mRAI indices in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 351-373]
Global Moran Index Application of split-window algorithm to study urban heat island in Yazd county [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 115-129]
Global warming Investigating the effects of climate change on torrential rains in Tehran province [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 87-105]
Global warming The effects of climate change on increasing the risk of drought in Tehran using CMIP6 scenarios [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 133-148]
Global warming Evaluating the consequences of climate change under two scenarios of existing conditions and carrying out control measures [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 79-98]
Global warming Assessment of the impacts of climate change on land surface temperature and drought risk in agricultural land use in Khuzestan province [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 164-191]
GMS model Investigating the effect of cropping pattern on changes in underground water level in a part of Mashhad-Chenaran plain aquifer [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 45-56]
Golestan Province Monitoring and investigation of wind erosion warning areas in the northwest of Golestan Province (Case study: Aq Qala and Gomishan Cities) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 343-356]
Google Earth Engine Estimating soil moisture using vegetation cover indices and soil surface temperature in agricultural and saline fields of Qazvin plain [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 182-198]
Google Earth Engine Assessing the impacts of urbanization and climate variability on land use dynamics using LSTM networks and satellite remote sensing data [(Articles in Press)]
Gorganrood watershed Prediction of the most suitable areas for forestry, pasture and agriculture land uses using the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 135-149]
Gorganrud Basin Evaluation of Actual Evapotranspiration Estimations of GLEAM Model and GRACE Satellite in the Gharehsu-Gorganrud basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 107-123]
Gotvand Assessment of the determinants of salinity in the Gotvand Dam reservoir and the contribution of outlet structures to its regulation [(Articles in Press)]
Governance The conflict between stakeholders in Ardabil and Germi counties, Ardabil Province, Iran [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 1-14]
GPM-IMERG Evaluation of satellite precipitation products for estimating heavy precipitation on the Caspian coast [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 107-122]
GR2M model Rainfall-runoff prediction using the GR2M Hydrological Model under Sixth IPCC Scenarios: A Case Study of Lazoreh and Jangaldeh Watersheds [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 109-131]
GR4J Integration of conceptual hydrological and machine learning models via output augmentation for enhanced streamflow prediction [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 95-115]
GRACE Evaluation of Actual Evapotranspiration Estimations of GLEAM Model and GRACE Satellite in the Gharehsu-Gorganrud basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 107-123]
Grain Elongation Optimizing the amount of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer in ratoon rice using response surface methodology [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 313-328]
Grain Maize Future-oriented agricultural water management with scenario-based evaluation: Case study of Maize in Khuzestan [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 232-251]
Grain size index Estimation of soil texture fractions under limited distribution of field observation using remotely sensed data (a case study: Marjan Watershed Rangelands) [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 66-78]
Grass cultivation Analysis of the bacterial pollution breakthrough curve in the soil column with different sizes of cow manure in the conditions of grass cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 75-88]
Greenhouse gas emissions International climate change law: strategies for mitigation, adaptation, and accountability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 18-31]
Groundwater fluctuations Investigating the hydrogeological behavior of Sabzevaran fault using groundwater level data, water quality parameters, and environmental isotopes (18O, 3H and 14C) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 107-122]
GroundWater Level Evaluation of Ground Water Level using Hybrid Models(Case Study:Khorramabad Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 124-137]
Groundwater management Participatory system dynamics modeling for groundwater resources management (Case study: Marand Plain, Iran) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 262-284]
Groundwater quality Spatial evaluation of qualitative parameters of groundwater resources with the aim of its application in agriculture and drinking (Case study: Mehvalat-Feyzabad plain) [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 28-44]
Groundwater quality Temporal-spatial assessment of groundwater quality in Zahedan County for drinking and agricultural uses [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 236-250]
Groundwater quality index (GQI) Impact assessment of land-use changes on groundwater quality in Dahram watershed of Fars province [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 165-180]
Groundwater recharge Assessing the performance of individual and ensembled models in identifying areas with infiltration potential [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 69-86]
Groundwater resources The effect of lithological units and the role of hydrothermal fluids on the concentration of elements in groundwater resources of the southeast region of Salmas [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 239-254]
Groundwater resources Application and Comparison of Missing Groundwater Level Data Interpolation Methods with an Emphasis on DeepMVI Performance (Case Study: Ajabshir Plain) [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 17-36]
Ground water storage Evaluation of periodic changes in groundwater level in Bahadoran watershed yazd Provance [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 29-44]
GRP pipe Assessment of the determinants of salinity in the Gotvand Dam reservoir and the contribution of outlet structures to its regulation [(Articles in Press)]
Gumbel distribution The effects of climate change on precipitation and temperature using SSP scenarios (case study: Fars province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 199-218]

H

Habitat suitability Comparison of species distribution models in determining the habitat landscape of Pistacia vera L. specie in Razavi Khorasan province [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 77-92]
Hableroud Analysis of river flow regime changes using the indicators of hydrologic alteration (Case study: Hableroud watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 1-19]
HadGEM3 Projection of temperature and radiation in arid and semi-arid climates under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) scenarios [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 32-48]
Halilrud Analyzing and predicting the trend of land cover degradation and determining the changes in landscape metrics using remote sensing [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 15-32]
Hamoun wetland Survey and zoning the concentration of heavy metals in the water of wells along the Sistan River from zero point border to Hamoun International Wetland [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 52-69]
HAND Index Evaluation of the efficiency of three data mining models in zoning areas prone to gully erosion (Case study: Upper Watershed of Boustan Dam) [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 219-238]
Haraz Watershed Landslide susceptibility mapping using various soft computing techniques (Case study: A part of Haraz Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 261-278]
Harvest index Simulation of yield and water productivity of Cowpea cultivars under deficit irrigation conditions using the DSSAT model [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 215-232]
Hashemi variety Evaluation of AquaCrop model in predicting rice grain yield and biomass under water stress in different years [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 37-53]
Hazard Assessment Groundwater drought hazard zoning and relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought indices in the Urmia aquifer [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 272-289]
Hazard Assessment Using Sentinel satellite images to study the June 2023 Flood and vegetation indices in the Germi and Ungut counties [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 212-229]
Heatwaves Analysis of Seasonal Changes and Intensity Metrics of Extreme Climatic Heatwaves in Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Heavy metal Effect of nanobiochar on the kinetics and isotherm of cadmium adsorption in calcareous soil [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 111-130]
Heavy metal Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Chromolaena odorata leaf extract for adsorptive removal of heavy metals and textile dyes from aqueous systems [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 65-77]
Heavy metals The effect of coal mining on the accumulation of Pb and Zn and their spatial distribution in the surface soil of Komarzd [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 56-71]
Heavy metals Study and investigation of heavy elements in the soil of Zabol and Birjand cities [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 123-140]
Heavy Precipitation events Evaluation of satellite precipitation products for estimating heavy precipitation on the Caspian coast [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 107-122]
Heavy rain Revealing the dynamic patterns of heavy rains causing floods in Lorestan Province based on synoptic systems [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 53-74]
HEC-HMS hydrological model Direct-tangible costs in flood zones simulated using the HEC-RAS 2-D hydraulic model – the Arazkuseh River, Golestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 57-74]
HEC-HMS model The effect of design discharge and the performance of culverts on the natural flood crisis in selected watershed of Yazd province [(Articles in Press)]
HEC-RAS Flood risk assessment in campus of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and presentation management scenarios using HEC-RAS model [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 225-239]
HEC-RAS modeling Optimal channel geometry for balancing discharge and tidal resistance: insights from the Shatt al-Arab River [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 267-286]
Hierarchical method Evaluation of solutions to supply part of the environmental requirements of Lake Urmia using MODSIM and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 120-134]
Homogeneity Analysis of climate trends and change point detection in Upper Middle Olifants catchment, South Africa [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 199-214]
Homogeneity test Statistical analysis and forecasting monthly temperature of Sanandaj synoptic station with the application of SARIMA model [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 1-13]
Horizon A Evaluation of soil erosion effects on rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield using SWAT model [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 53-66]
Houzian Dam Assessment of land use changes using multispectral satellite images and artificial neural network [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 18-35]
Human Rights Climate Litigation and Judicial Activism in Environmental Protection [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 88-100]
Hurst Monthly flow analysis of Sefidrood River using Chaos theory [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 27-41]
Hybrid Evaluation of Ground Water Level using Hybrid Models(Case Study:Khorramabad Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 124-137]
Hybrid Artificial Neural Network and Honey Badger Algorithm Temporal-spatial modeling of precipitation using an approach based on MLR, ANN, HBA-ANN hybrid algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 113-132]
Hybrid Models The streamflow prediction of Kurkursar river using hybrid artificial intelligence models [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 181-199]
Hybrid Models Self-Attention Mechanism-Long Short Term Memory Neural Network Models for Irrigation Demand Prediction: An Evaluation and Performance Analysis [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 283-300]
Hybrid Models Evaluation of Combined Models Wavelet-ARIMA-ANN and Wavelet-ARIMA-LSTM Using SRGI Index Simulation in Enhancing Drought Monitoring [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 88-103]
Hybrid Models Predicting the electrical conductivity of water using the Hicking CEEMD-LSSVM optimization algorithm [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 323-348]
Hydraulic jump Estimation of waterfall height in the downstream of ogee spillways to hydraulic jump control [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 1-12]
Hydraulic modeling The effect of design discharge and the performance of culverts on the natural flood crisis in selected watershed of Yazd province [(Articles in Press)]
Hydrochemistry Investigating the hydrogeological behavior of Sabzevaran fault using groundwater level data, water quality parameters, and environmental isotopes (18O, 3H and 14C) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 107-122]
Hydrodynamic Coefficients Optimization of aquifers' hydrodynamic coefficients by numerical modeling (Case study: Damaneh-Daran Plain Aquifer) [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 262-278]
Hydrogel Optimization of irrigation intervals and amount of super absorbent in peppermint cultivation using response-surface modeling [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 1-14]
Hydrogeological data analysis Application and Comparison of Missing Groundwater Level Data Interpolation Methods with an Emphasis on DeepMVI Performance (Case Study: Ajabshir Plain) [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 17-36]
Hydrological indices Long-term assessment of changes in environmental flow regime for sustainable water resources management in a permanent river, Northwest Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Hydrological modeling Evaluation of relationships between meteorological parameters and actual evapotranspiration using regression and hierarchical clustering (Case Study: Castelvetrano, Italy) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 159-172]
Hydrological modeling Assessment of the Impact of Watershed Management Practices on Hydrological Variables in the Mohammadabad Watershed using the SWAT Model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 156-172]
Hydrological modeling Spatiotemporal variations analysis of water yield ecosystem service in the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran using the InVEST model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 296-308]
Hydrological modelling Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Hydrological Parameters of Rafsanjan Plain Using the SWAT Model [(Articles in Press)]
Hydrological models Comparative assessment of Sacramento, SMAR, and SimHyd models in long-term daily runoff simulation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 279-297]
Hydrological Prediction Estimation of Groundwater Levels in Arid Climates Using Machine Learning and Fuzzy Intelligent Systems [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 332-349]
Hydrophobic Organic Compounds Modeling soil water repellency in loess soils of northern Iran using machine learning [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 132-148]
Hydrothermal fluids The effect of lithological units and the role of hydrothermal fluids on the concentration of elements in groundwater resources of the southeast region of Salmas [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 239-254]
Hydrulic model Assessing the hydraulic parameter’s uncertainty of the HYDRUS model using DREAM method [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 1-15]
Hydrus Sensitivity analysis of hydraulic parameters of transport heavy metals Cd, Ni, and Zn in disturbed and undisturbed loamy soil columns [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 203-224]
Hydrus Simulation of moisture distribution in different soil textures under a point source using the moment analysis method [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 167-182]
HYDRUS1D Direct measurement and simulation of flooding amount effect on recharge rate in Gareh Bygone floodwater spreading system [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 256-276]
HYDRUS-3D Sensitivity analysis of Hydrus software to input data in simulating water movement and root uptake of grass as a reference plant [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 94-107]

I

ICP-MS Analysis Source identification and multi-index evaluation of heavy metal contamination in surface soils of the Pakal sub-watershed, Shazand [(Articles in Press)]
IDSS Development of an irrigation decision support system and investigation of its compatibility with the conditions of the Mahabad irrigation and drainage network [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 55-74]
IHA Analysis of river flow regime changes using the indicators of hydrologic alteration (Case study: Hableroud watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 1-19]
IHACRES model Performance comparison of Artificial Intelligence models with IHACRES model in streamflow modeling of the Gamasiab River catchment [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 1-16]
IHACRES model The rainfall-runoff hydrological simulation model based on satellite products with the effect of climate scenarios in the study area of Takab [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 179-194]
IHA software Long-term assessment of changes in environmental flow regime for sustainable water resources management in a permanent river, Northwest Iran [(Articles in Press)]
IMDPA Desertification intensity affected by groundwater and land subsidence in Maharloo-Bakhtegan watershed [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 171-184]
IMERG-Final Evaluation of available surface water resources in Qarah Tikan border basin using satellite products and GIS [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 1-13]
Impact threshold Identifying the threshold of variables affecting flood zones using machine learning technique (Case study: the downstream region of the Karun River) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 214-232]
Important features Self-Attention Mechanism-Long Short Term Memory Neural Network Models for Irrigation Demand Prediction: An Evaluation and Performance Analysis [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 283-300]
Incomplete meteorological data Evaluation of MICE-based machine learning models for reconstructing missing climate data in the Urmia Lake basin [(Articles in Press)]
Incubation The effect of cow manure compost enriched with iron and zinc metal scraps on the available iron and zinc concentrations of calcareous soils with different textures [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 212-224]
Independent component analysis Evaluating the efficiency of dimensionality reduction methods in improving the accuracy of water quality index modeling in Qizil-Uzen River using machine learning algorithms [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 89-104]
Indicator Development of an incorporative PSR-Fuzzy model for health assessment of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 152-167]
Indicators cold Detection of climate warming signals in Zagros forests using cold temperature indices [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 167-180]
Infiltration rate Performance assessment of the artificial intelligence models for prediction of the infiltration rate in the Surface Soil of Geological Formations (Case Study: Aleshtar Watershed, Lorestan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 290-308]
Inflow hydrograph Scheduling and optimal delivery of water in irrigation networks by combining the AquaCrop model and genetic algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 255-268]
Innovative gunner The streamflow prediction of Kurkursar river using hybrid artificial intelligence models [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 181-199]
Integrated land management Influence of land use and management practices on soil physicochemical properties across slope gradients [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 15-27]
Integrated model Integration of conceptual hydrological and machine learning models via output augmentation for enhanced streamflow prediction [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 95-115]
Integrated Watershed Management Application of participatory approach in identifying critical sub-watersheds based on flood generation potential in the Cheshmeh-Kileh Watershed, Mazandaran Province [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 90-107]
Intelligence model Estimation of waterfall height in the downstream of ogee spillways to hydraulic jump control [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 1-12]
Intelligent model Application of data-based models and calibrated empirical equations in monthly reference evapotranspiration modeling under different climatic conditions in Iran [(Articles in Press)]
International legal frameworks Integrating geodetic technology with legal governance for global monitoring of water and soil dynamics: Kalman filter and inverse modeling approaches [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 28-40]
Interpolation Error Estimating precipitation intensity and its spatial distribution based on fractal theory (Case study: Tireh-Borujerd watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 209-226]
Inverse solving Estimation of the effective rainfall by reverse solution method and using artificial intelligence (Case study: Kermanshah Province) [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 249-261]
Investment Evaluating the impact of water pricing on macroeconomic variables in Iran using dynamic computable general equilibrium models [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 260-269]
InVEST Model Comparative analysis of the effects of climate change and land use on runoff and its prediction in a mountainous watershed in Northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 181-198]
InVEST software Impacts of urban expansion on spatio-temporal patterns of carbon storage ecosystem service in Bandar Abbas Watershed using InVEST software [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 91-106]
Iran Assessing phenological growth stages of barberry tree growth and the effect of climate change on its water requirement in Iran [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 78-92]
Iran Performance evaluation of different potential evapotranspiration models and application of optimal models for drought monitoring using the RDI index across different climate regimes of Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Iran Analysis of Seasonal Changes and Intensity Metrics of Extreme Climatic Heatwaves in Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Iran climatic regions Forecasting monthly rainfall using time series modeling and spectral analysis with Fourier model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 140-155]
Irrigated agriculture Assessment of the impacts of climate change on land surface temperature and drought risk in agricultural land use in Khuzestan province [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 164-191]
Irrigation Evaluation of AquaCrop model for simulation of Wheat plant (Triticum) yield under different scenarios of agricultural management in Qazvin [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 1-16]
Irrigation The effect of landfill leachate irrigation on different soil characteristics and plant nutrition: a review [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 33-54]
Irrigation management Simulation of yield and water productivity of Cowpea cultivars under deficit irrigation conditions using the DSSAT model [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 215-232]
Irrigation management Development of an irrigation decision support system and investigation of its compatibility with the conditions of the Mahabad irrigation and drainage network [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 55-74]
Irrigation management Field assessment and analysis of border irrigation systems with WinSRFR software (Case study: Urmia Plain wheat fields) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 187-202]
Irrigation management Self-Attention Mechanism-Long Short Term Memory Neural Network Models for Irrigation Demand Prediction: An Evaluation and Performance Analysis [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 283-300]
Irrigation management Effects of deficit irrigation combined with the use of biochar and compost on the growth, yield and water use efficiency of green pepper [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 20-36]
Irrigation scenario Determining the best volume of potato irrigation water in tape drip irrigation system using by WOFOST model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 1-15]
Irrigation supplements Effect of irrigation supplements, Abyar & Absar on morphological characteristics of Atriplex canescens under greenhouse conditions [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 45-54]
Irrigation System Improving wheat irrigation productivity in Iran (Part two: from the viewpoint of mechanization and farm management) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 194-213]
Irrigation Systems Assessing the status of various irrigation methods in Hokmabad lands of Tabriz city with the Charles Burt method [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 253-268]
Irrigation time management Application of artificial neural network models in estimating nectarine crop yield under two-sided furrow irrigation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 47-59]
Irrigation water Comparing the amount of sugar beet irrigation water using the NIAZAB system and field measurement [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 308-322]
Irrigation water Determining the physical water productivity of wheat in different climates of Kermanshah province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 159-178]
Irrigation Water Management Evaluation of the SALTMED model to simulate potato yield and water productivity under different irrigation water management in the Shahrekord [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 329-340]
Irrigation Water Use Efficiency The impact of drought stress on the growth, yield, and water use efficiency of white sweet potato in autumn cultivation [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 241-251]
Isohyet Curve Temporal-spatial modeling of precipitation using an approach based on MLR, ANN, HBA-ANN hybrid algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 113-132]
IWUE The impact of drought stress on the growth, yield, and water use efficiency of white sweet potato in autumn cultivation [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 241-251]

J

Jigawa State Application of GIS and MCDA in flood susceptibility modeling in Jigawa State, Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Jiroft plain Investigating the hydrogeological behavior of Sabzevaran fault using groundwater level data, water quality parameters, and environmental isotopes (18O, 3H and 14C) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 107-122]
Judicial Activism Climate Litigation and Judicial Activism in Environmental Protection [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 88-100]

K

Kappa Coefficient Assessment of land use changes using multispectral satellite images and artificial neural network [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 18-35]
Karkheh basin Non-stationary modeling of the meteorological drought index SPIt using generalized additive models for location, scale and shape [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 37-53]
Karkhe Watershed Suspended sediment load modeling by machine learning algorithms in low and high discharge periods (Case study: Kashkan watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 50-65]
Karun River Trend analysis of water quality variation of the Karun River using the Mann-Kendall test and geographic information system (GIS) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 327-342]
Kashkan watershed Performance assessment of the artificial intelligence models for prediction of the infiltration rate in the Surface Soil of Geological Formations (Case Study: Aleshtar Watershed, Lorestan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 290-308]
Kerman Province Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Hydrological Parameters of Rafsanjan Plain Using the SWAT Model [(Articles in Press)]
Kermanshah Determining the physical water productivity of wheat in different climates of Kermanshah province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 159-178]
Key factors Adoption of small-scale irrigation pathway for rural food security: Key determinants and coping strategies in Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 78-94]
Keywords: Additive intercropping Water use efficiency of maize-mung bean in intercropping systems under different water stress conditions [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 233-247]
Key Words:Downscaling Projection the Wind Field in the Future Based on the CMIP5 and CMIP6 Climate Models in Sistan and Baluchestan Province Introduction [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 219-233]
Khash Basin Effects of Weather Modification Operations on Water Resources of Khash Basin using Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) Model [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 14-24]
Khondab The trend of geometric changes in Qarachai River in the years 1968 to 2021 [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 77-90]
Khorasan Razavi Spatial evaluation of qualitative parameters of groundwater resources with the aim of its application in agriculture and drinking (Case study: Mehvalat-Feyzabad plain) [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 28-44]
Khorramabad Evaluation of Ground Water Level using Hybrid Models(Case Study:Khorramabad Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 124-137]
Khorramabad City Forecasting river flow using neural intelligence models and LARS-WG models (Case study: Kashkan Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 225-238]
Khuzestan province Evaluation of Machine Learning Techniques (SVM, GLM, FDA, RF) in Preparing Flood Susceptibility Map of a Part of Khuzestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 231-246]
Kowsar Dam watershed Estimating the water balance of the Kowsar Dam watershed using the SWAT hydrological model and satellite data [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 226-240]
Kriging The effect of coal mining on the accumulation of Pb and Zn and their spatial distribution in the surface soil of Komarzd [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 56-71]
Kriging Spatial variability modeling and geostatistical estimation of coefficients of some water infiltration equations in calcareous soil of Bajgah, Shiraz [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 131-150]
Kriging Interpolation Survey and zoning the concentration of heavy metals in the water of wells along the Sistan River from zero point border to Hamoun International Wetland [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 52-69]
Kruskal-Wallis test The effect of teleconnection patterns on monthly rainfall in Khorramabad and Kermanshah stations [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 133-151]
Kurdistan Drainage Density Modeling using Precipitation in Different Climates of Kurdistan Province [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 160-181]
Kurdistan province Urban flood susceptibility prediction using a Fuzzy-Delphi hybrid model in Sanandaj City [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 143-158]
Kurkursar The streamflow prediction of Kurkursar river using hybrid artificial intelligence models [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 181-199]
Kurtosis Analytical comparison of soil particle size distribution in different land uses/covers of the Vaz watershed using laser granulometry [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 77-93]

L

Lake Abaya-Chamo Basin Integration of conceptual hydrological and machine learning models via output augmentation for enhanced streamflow prediction [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 95-115]
Lake Sevan Water resource sustainability management issues in the Sevan lake basin in the context of climate change [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 149-166]
Lake Urmia Development of an irrigation decision support system and investigation of its compatibility with the conditions of the Mahabad irrigation and drainage network [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 55-74]
Lake Urmia Estimation of surface net water flow and its relationship with hydrological and ecological parameters in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 16-33]
Lake Urmia The effect of applying river environmental requirements on the design and operation characteristics of storage reservoirs using the Monte Carlo method (case study: Nazlou reservoir dam) [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 54-76]
Lake Urmia Evaluation of Soil Water Integral Energy Estimation Using Linear and Non-linear Models [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 317-331]
Lake Urmia Basin Evaluation of MICE-based machine learning models for reconstructing missing climate data in the Urmia Lake basin [(Articles in Press)]
Land-based treatment The effect of using bi-levels of geocomposite sheets on the quality of Shahrekord University wastewater [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 203-218]
Land change modeler Analyzing and predicting the trend of land cover degradation and determining the changes in landscape metrics using remote sensing [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 15-32]
Land cover Application of split-window algorithm to study urban heat island in Yazd county [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 115-129]
Land cover Lands cover classification of Bushehr province using Landsat-8 and MODIS images [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 143-156]
Land cover A review of remote sensing vegetation indices in the land cover assessment [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 297-318]
Land cover change Land cover dynamics and urbanization in peri-urban areas: Assessing the socio-economic and environmental consequences of rapid urban expansion [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 21-35]
Land degradation Evaluating the soil retention ecosystem service using the InVEST model in Northeastern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 277-295]
Landfill Life cycle assessment of mGO-NH2 nano-adsorbent disposal methods used for the removal of mercury ions from aqueous solutions [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 269-282]
Landfill leachate The effect of landfill leachate irrigation on different soil characteristics and plant nutrition: a review [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 33-54]
Landfill leachate The effect of biochar-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) on uptake of heavy metals from landfill leachate and industrial wastewater by basil plant [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 51-68]
Land rehabilitation Effect of Haloxylon plantation age on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks: management implications for arid land restoration [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 287-302]
Landsat Monitoring and comparing NDSI changes using MODIS and ETM+ sensor data to estimate snow cover in North Karun Basin [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 68-82]
Landsat Evaluation and assessment of surface energy balance algorithm for land by Landsat 5 satellite imageries to determine water requirement and water productivity of sugar beet by lysimetric data [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 251-268]
Landsat A novel method based on Landsat 8 and MODIS satellite images to estimate monthly reference evapotranspiration in arid and semi-arid climates [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 180-195]
Landsat Assessment of Climate Change Transformations and Their Impact on the Hydrological Regime of Gorgan Bay Wetland [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 1-17]
Landsat Land use/land cover dynamics and their impact on selected soil properties in an Ethiopian highland ecosystem [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 301-322]
Landsat 8 Application of split-window algorithm to study urban heat island in Yazd county [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 115-129]
Landsat images Spatial analysis of soil salinity anomaly in Fars Province due to heavy spring rains [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 36-49]
Landsat TM5 Indirect estimation of Arvand River discharge using numerical modeling and remote sensing: A novel approach in water resources management [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 277-300]
Landscape fragmentation Analyzing and predicting the trend of land cover degradation and determining the changes in landscape metrics using remote sensing [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 15-32]
Landscape restoration Socio-economic and biophysical determinants of landscape restoration adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 116-142]
Landslide Landslide sensitivity assessment using fuzzy logic approach and GIS in Neka Watershed [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 67-80]
Landslide Landslide susceptibility mapping using various soft computing techniques (Case study: A part of Haraz Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 261-278]
Landslide Risk Evaluating the sensitivity of the landslide event using the support vector machine algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 299-312]
Landslide Risk Identifying Effective Factors and Landslide Risk Zoning using the Maximum Entropy Method(Case study: Chalus Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 247-264]
Landslide Sensitivity Evaluating the sensitivity of the landslide event using the support vector machine algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 299-312]
Landslide Susceptibility Index (LSI) Landslide susceptibility mapping using various soft computing techniques (Case study: A part of Haraz Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 261-278]
Land suitability Prediction of the most suitable areas for forestry, pasture and agriculture land uses using the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 135-149]
Land suitability Estimating soil loss rates and land capability classification based on erosion severity in the Womba Watershed, Southern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 41-64]
Land Surface Temperature Application of split-window algorithm to study urban heat island in Yazd county [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 115-129]
Land Surface Temperature A novel method based on Landsat 8 and MODIS satellite images to estimate monthly reference evapotranspiration in arid and semi-arid climates [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 180-195]
Land Surface Temperature Assessing the impacts of urbanization and climate variability on land use dynamics using LSTM networks and satellite remote sensing data [(Articles in Press)]
Land Treatment The effect of using bi-levels geocomposite sheets on the chemical and biochemical characteristics of soil under wastewater reuse [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Land use Lands cover classification of Bushehr province using Landsat-8 and MODIS images [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 143-156]
Land use Estimating soil loss rates and land capability classification based on erosion severity in the Womba Watershed, Southern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 41-64]
Land-use Source identification and multi-index evaluation of heavy metal contamination in surface soils of the Pakal sub-watershed, Shazand [(Articles in Press)]
Land use allocation Impact assessment of land-use changes on groundwater quality in Dahram watershed of Fars province [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 165-180]
Land Use Change Effect of curve number changes on flood hydrograph in a rapid response watershed (Case study: Ardabil Khiavchai Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 248-261]
Land Use Change Analyzing and predicting the trend of land cover degradation and determining the changes in landscape metrics using remote sensing [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 15-32]
Land Use Change Influence of land use and management practices on soil physicochemical properties across slope gradients [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 15-27]
Land Use Change Synergistic effect of land use and climate change on evapotranspiration [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 121-139]
Land use change impact Modeling streamflow dynamics under climate and land use shifts using MIKE SHE in the upper Omo Gibe catchment, Ethiopia [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 121-148]
Lanzante test Quantifying the contributions of climate change and direct human interventions to streamflow alteration in the Hablehrood watershed using empirical approaches [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 298-315]
LARS-WG Evaluating the effects of climate change on the climatic classification in Iran [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 95-112]
LARS-WG Future-oriented agricultural water management with scenario-based evaluation: Case study of Maize in Khuzestan [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 232-251]
LARS WG model Investigating the effect of climate change on temperature, rainfall, and intensity-duration-frequency curves in dry areas (case study: Kashan Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 211-226]
Layered double hydroxide The effect of biochar-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) on uptake of heavy metals from landfill leachate and industrial wastewater by basil plant [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 51-68]
Lead The effect of biochar-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) on uptake of heavy metals from landfill leachate and industrial wastewater by basil plant [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 51-68]
Leca Application of light concrete balls as floatation balls to reduce evaporation from free water surfaces [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 211-222]
Legal compliance International climate change law: strategies for mitigation, adaptation, and accountability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 18-31]
Length of Plot Evaluation of the effect of range exclosure on soil erosion at plots scale (Case study: Sanganeh Soil Conservation Research Site) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 66-77]
Liability Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Climate Change Arbitration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 49-61]
Lichen Effects of biological soil crusts on surface runoff quality [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 93-106]
Life Form Identification and prioritization of plants for conservation and stabilization of marls (Case study: Tanghesorkh Watershed, Fars Province) [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 1-13]
Linear regression model Application of split-window algorithm to study urban heat island in Yazd county [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 115-129]
Lithological units The effect of lithological units and the role of hydrothermal fluids on the concentration of elements in groundwater resources of the southeast region of Salmas [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 239-254]
Livestock Grazing The effect of livestock grazing intensity on the frequency distribution pattern and species abundance of rangelands in Sarbisheh, South Khorasan [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 198-216]
Local cultivar Simulation of yield and water productivity of Cowpea cultivars under deficit irrigation conditions using the DSSAT model [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 215-232]
Lorestan province Suspended sediment load modeling by machine learning algorithms in low and high discharge periods (Case study: Kashkan watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 50-65]
Lorestan province Revealing the dynamic patterns of heavy rains causing floods in Lorestan Province based on synoptic systems [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 53-74]
Lorestan province Using of Hydrograph Analysis Methods for Base Flow Estimation (Case Study: Silakhor-Rahimabad Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 89-106]
Lorestan province Performance assessment of the artificial intelligence models for prediction of the infiltration rate in the Surface Soil of Geological Formations (Case Study: Aleshtar Watershed, Lorestan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 290-308]
LULC Evaluating the soil retention ecosystem service using the InVEST model in Northeastern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 277-295]
LULC Application of GIS and MCDA in flood susceptibility modeling in Jigawa State, Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 1-14]

M

Machine Learning Identifying the threshold of variables affecting flood zones using machine learning technique (Case study: the downstream region of the Karun River) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 214-232]
Machine Learning Determining the areas prone to the growth of Rhume ribes L. species in Razavi Khorasan Province using machine learning models [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 75-94]
Machine Learning Evaluating the performance of the flexible discriminant analysis model in predicting the flooding potential of the Zarrineh-Rood Watershed [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 269-284]
Machine Learning Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms’ Performance in Multitemporal Image Classification for Agricultural Management (Case Study: Qazvin Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 54-73]
Machine Learning Investigating the effect of biodiesel on diesel engine corrosion and durability with an environmental assessment: Modeling the impact on water resources with machine learning [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 88-106]
Machine Learning Integration of conceptual hydrological and machine learning models via output augmentation for enhanced streamflow prediction [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 95-115]
Machine Learning Performance of the XGBoost algorithm in downscaling temperature and relative humidity in a temperate climate: a case study in Kermanshah [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 215-232]
Machine learning algorithms Evaluating the efficiency of dimensionality reduction methods in improving the accuracy of water quality index modeling in Qizil-Uzen River using machine learning algorithms [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 89-104]
Macroinvertebrate community Integrated biotic and abiotic indicators for evaluating ecosystem health in the Qara-Su River, Iran [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 193-208]
Mahabad aquifer Numerical Modeling and Trend Analysis of Mahabad Aquifer Quantitative Status [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 1-17]
Maize Improving the Irrigation Scheduling of Drip Irrigation System Using Field Measurements and Crop Modeling [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 299-313]
Management Estimating soil loss rates and land capability classification based on erosion severity in the Womba Watershed, Southern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 41-64]
Management action Evaluation of the effect of range exclosure on soil erosion at plots scale (Case study: Sanganeh Soil Conservation Research Site) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 66-77]
Management Strategies Appropriate urban infrastructure management strategies against floods from the perspective of passive defense using SWOT and QSPM (Case study: Kashan City) [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 42-52]
Manning roughness coefficient Estimating flood discharge in compound river channels using minimum gauging data [(Articles in Press)]
Manning&rsquo Direct-tangible costs in flood zones simulated using the HEC-RAS 2-D hydraulic model – the Arazkuseh River, Golestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 57-74]
Mann-Kendall Numerical Modeling and Trend Analysis of Mahabad Aquifer Quantitative Status [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 1-17]
Mann-Kendall The effects of climate change on increasing the risk of drought in Tehran using CMIP6 scenarios [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 133-148]
Mann-Kendall Analysis of climate trends and change point detection in Upper Middle Olifants catchment, South Africa [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 199-214]
Mann-Kendall analysis Trend analysis of water quality variation of the Karun River using the Mann-Kendall test and geographic information system (GIS) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 327-342]
Mann–Kendall test Hydrological regime shifts and functional river typologies in South-Western Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 143-158]
Markazi Province Source identification and multi-index evaluation of heavy metal contamination in surface soils of the Pakal sub-watershed, Shazand [(Articles in Press)]
Marketability The impact of drought stress on the growth, yield, and water use efficiency of white sweet potato in autumn cultivation [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 241-251]
Marvdasht city Spatio-temporal variation of meteorological drought and its relation with temperature and vegetation condition indices using remote sensing and satellite imagery in Marvdasht city [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 72-89]
Mashhad-Chenaran aquifer Investigating the effect of cropping pattern on changes in underground water level in a part of Mashhad-Chenaran plain aquifer [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 45-56]
Mass Movement Identifying Effective Factors and Landslide Risk Zoning using the Maximum Entropy Method(Case study: Chalus Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 247-264]
MATLAB software Scheduling and optimal delivery of water in irrigation networks by combining the AquaCrop model and genetic algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 255-268]
MaxEnt Identifying Effective Factors and Landslide Risk Zoning using the Maximum Entropy Method(Case study: Chalus Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 247-264]
Maximum flow of flood hydrograph Effect of curve number changes on flood hydrograph in a rapid response watershed (Case study: Ardabil Khiavchai Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 248-261]
Mazandaran Province Water quality assessment of the Talar River in Mazandaran Province based on a combination of water quality indicators and multivariate modeling [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 30-47]
Mazandaran Province Spatiotemporal variations analysis of water yield ecosystem service in the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran using the InVEST model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 296-308]
MCA Approach Factors influencing farmers’ participation in the implementation of modern irrigation: A C5 decision tree approach in Aq Qala county [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 303-316]
MCDA Application of GIS and MCDA in flood susceptibility modeling in Jigawa State, Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Mean Analytical comparison of soil particle size distribution in different land uses/covers of the Vaz watershed using laser granulometry [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 77-93]
Mean annual precipitation Drainage Density Modeling using Precipitation in Different Climates of Kurdistan Province [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 160-181]
Measurement Assessment of drought condition in Guilan Province using the Keetch–Byram Drought Index (KBDI) in accordance with the Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI) [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 57-67]
Mechanical measures Effectiveness of watershed management measures on soil erosion and sediment yield reduction (Case study: Doholkooh Watershed, South Khorasan Province) [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 1-17]
Medicinal plant Investigating the effect of different soil textures on morphological characteristics and the amount of essential oil of Lippia citriodora medicinal plant [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 14-25]
Mercury Life cycle assessment of mGO-NH2 nano-adsorbent disposal methods used for the removal of mercury ions from aqueous solutions [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 269-282]
Meshginshahr county Determining changes in carbon sequestration and some soil properties in the elevation gradient of rangelands in the north of Sablan, Iran [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 135-150]
Metabolic contribution Comparison of the application of unmodified and modified biochar and microorganisms on some microbial and ecophysiological indicators of soil contaminated with crude oil [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 33-56]
Metabolic Quotient Effect of forestry practices on the biological characteristics of soils (Case study: Beech Forest of Asalem) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 16-28]
Meta-heuristic algorithm Investigating the performance of the differential evolution algorithm in estimating soil hydraulic parameters [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 36-51]
Meteorological drought Investigating the relation between agricultural and meteorology drought using MLP neural network in northwest Iran [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 163-179]
Meteorological drought Drought Trend Analysis and Forecasting in the Moghan Plain Using the SPI Index and Cmip6 Climate Models [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 230-260]
Meteorological station Evaluation of relationships between meteorological parameters and actual evapotranspiration using regression and hierarchical clustering (Case Study: Castelvetrano, Italy) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 159-172]
Meteorologic drought Non-stationary modeling of the meteorological drought index SPIt using generalized additive models for location, scale and shape [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 37-53]
Meteorology Comparison of artificial intelligence models and experimental models in estimating reference evapotranspiration (Case study: Ramhormoz synoptic station) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 112-124]
Meymeh River Contribution of two Sioul and Ghadah tributaries in reducing the water quality of the Meimeh River: determination of critical points and remedial solutions [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 79-93]
MICE Evaluation of MICE-based machine learning models for reconstructing missing climate data in the Urmia Lake basin [(Articles in Press)]
Microbial Biomass Carbon Effect of forestry practices on the biological characteristics of soils (Case study: Beech Forest of Asalem) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 16-28]
Microbial contribution Comparison of the application of unmodified and modified biochar and microorganisms on some microbial and ecophysiological indicators of soil contaminated with crude oil [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 33-56]
Microbial Quotient Effect of forestry practices on the biological characteristics of soils (Case study: Beech Forest of Asalem) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 16-28]
Micronutrients The effect of cow manure compost enriched with iron and zinc metal scraps on the available iron and zinc concentrations of calcareous soils with different textures [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 212-224]
Microorganisms Effect of forestry practices on the biological characteristics of soils (Case study: Beech Forest of Asalem) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 16-28]
Microorganisms The effect of landfill leachate irrigation on different soil characteristics and plant nutrition: a review [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 33-54]
Microtopography Effects of surface roughness on sediment heterogeneity under different slopes and rainfall intensities using rainfall simulator [(Articles in Press)]
Microwave Chlorine removal from agricultural wastewater using sugarcane bagasse magnetic nano biochar [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 189-210]
Microwave Agricultural drainage water sodium removal by biochar [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 285-304]
MIKE SHE Synergistic effect of land use and climate change on evapotranspiration [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 121-139]
Minab The impact of drought stress on the growth, yield, and water use efficiency of white sweet potato in autumn cultivation [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 241-251]
Minab Plain Optimization of cropping pattern in Minab plain using linear programming under water scarcity conditions [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 252-269]
Missing data reconstruction Application and Comparison of Missing Groundwater Level Data Interpolation Methods with an Emphasis on DeepMVI Performance (Case Study: Ajabshir Plain) [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 17-36]
Mixed research Factors influencing household-level adoption of soil and water conservation practices among smallholder farmers: Application of Binary Logistic Regression [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 171-192]
Model CanESM5 Assessment of the impacts of climate change on land surface temperature and drought risk in agricultural land use in Khuzestan province [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 164-191]
Modeling Assessing the performance of individual and ensembled models in identifying areas with infiltration potential [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 69-86]
Modeling Prioritizing watershed management practices in the Ferizi and Rig-Sefid watersheds using Fuzzy-TOPSIS Method [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 64-76]
Modeling Monitoring groundwater level network of Dezful-Andimeshk plain [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 326-337]
Modeling The effects of climate change on increasing the risk of drought in Tehran using CMIP6 scenarios [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 133-148]
Modeling Modeling of the evaporation process using the hybrid algorithm of the COOT bird and artificial neural network [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 279-294]
Modeling Monitoring and investigation of wind erosion warning areas in the northwest of Golestan Province (Case study: Aq Qala and Gomishan Cities) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 343-356]
Modeling Evaluating the sensitivity of the landslide event using the support vector machine algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 299-312]
Modeling Evaluation of Ground Water Level using Hybrid Models(Case Study:Khorramabad Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 124-137]
Modeling Rainfall-runoff simulation in Saqez sub-basin using artificial neural network model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 74-87]
Modeling Investigating the effect of biodiesel on diesel engine corrosion and durability with an environmental assessment: Modeling the impact on water resources with machine learning [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 88-106]
Modeling Evaluation of Soil Water Integral Energy Estimation Using Linear and Non-linear Models [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 317-331]
Modeling Spatial estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield using the RUSLE and SEDD models in Chehelchay watershed, Golestan Province [(Articles in Press)]
Modelling Estimation of soil texture fractions under limited distribution of field observation using remotely sensed data (a case study: Marjan Watershed Rangelands) [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 66-78]
Modern Irrigation Systems Improving wheat irrigation productivity in Iran (Part one: from the view point of irrigation system and water management) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 171-193]
Modern Irrigation Systems Factors influencing farmers’ participation in the implementation of modern irrigation: A C5 decision tree approach in Aq Qala county [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 303-316]
MODFLOW Numerical Modeling and Trend Analysis of Mahabad Aquifer Quantitative Status [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 1-17]
Modified PSIAC model Effectiveness of watershed management measures on soil erosion and sediment yield reduction (Case study: Doholkooh Watershed, South Khorasan Province) [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 1-17]
MODIS Monitoring and comparing NDSI changes using MODIS and ETM+ sensor data to estimate snow cover in North Karun Basin [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 68-82]
MODIS A novel method based on Landsat 8 and MODIS satellite images to estimate monthly reference evapotranspiration in arid and semi-arid climates [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 180-195]
MODIS and LANDSAT ETM + Evaluation and validation of salinity monitoring indices in the Qazvin plain [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 40-51]
MODWT Spectral analysis-artificial intelligence model with spatial variables for some soil chemical properties estimation [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 321-338]
Moghan plain Investigating virtual water content and physical and economic water productivity indicators in crops (Case study: Moghan irrigation network, Ardabil province) [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 277-295]
Moghan Plain.‎ Drought Trend Analysis and Forecasting in the Moghan Plain Using the SPI Index and Cmip6 Climate Models [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 230-260]
Moisture front Simulation of moisture distribution in different soil textures under a point source using the moment analysis method [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 167-182]
Moisture retention Effect of Conocarpus biochar on some physical and mechanical properties of calcareous soil under corn cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 19-38]
Moisture retention The effect of the combined use of biochar and bentonite on evaporation and soil moisture [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 173-186]
Moment analysis method Simulation of moisture distribution in different soil textures under a point source using the moment analysis method [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 167-182]
Monitoring Development of an incorporative PSR-Fuzzy model for health assessment of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 152-167]
Monitoring Monitoring groundwater level network of Dezful-Andimeshk plain [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 326-337]
Monitoring Monitoring and investigation of wind erosion warning areas in the northwest of Golestan Province (Case study: Aq Qala and Gomishan Cities) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 343-356]
Monitoring Estimating soil moisture using vegetation cover indices and soil surface temperature in agricultural and saline fields of Qazvin plain [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 182-198]
Monitoring and Assessment Comparative analysis of the effects of climate change and land use on runoff and its prediction in a mountainous watershed in Northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 181-198]
Monte Carlo method The effect of applying river environmental requirements on the design and operation characteristics of storage reservoirs using the Monte Carlo method (case study: Nazlou reservoir dam) [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 54-76]
MOPSO Investigation of multi-objective optimization algorithms for the design of urban spaces with a focus on quantitative and qualitative control of urban runoff. [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 301-316]
Moran's statistic Spatial analysis of soil salinity anomaly in Fars Province due to heavy spring rains [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 36-49]
Morphology The trend of geometric changes in Qarachai River in the years 1968 to 2021 [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 77-90]
Moss Effects of biological soil crusts on surface runoff quality [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 93-106]
Multi-criteria decision making Prioritizing watershed management practices in the Ferizi and Rig-Sefid watersheds using Fuzzy-TOPSIS Method [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 64-76]
Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) Urban flood susceptibility prediction using a Fuzzy-Delphi hybrid model in Sanandaj City [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 143-158]
Multi-criteria evaluation Prediction of the most suitable areas for forestry, pasture and agriculture land uses using the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 135-149]
Multilayer perceptron A novel method based on Landsat 8 and MODIS satellite images to estimate monthly reference evapotranspiration in arid and semi-arid climates [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 180-195]
Multinomial logistic regression Biophysical factors determining adoption of soil and water conservation measures in small holder farming system [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 191-210]
Multi-objective optimization algorithm Investigation of multi-objective optimization algorithms for the design of urban spaces with a focus on quantitative and qualitative control of urban runoff. [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 301-316]
Multiple Linear Regression Temporal-spatial modeling of precipitation using an approach based on MLR, ANN, HBA-ANN hybrid algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 113-132]
Multiple Linear Regression Development of multiple linear regression models for annual reference evapotranspiration estimation under limited data conditions [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 209-231]
Multisource fusion Lands cover classification of Bushehr province using Landsat-8 and MODIS images [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 143-156]
Multivariate Modeling Water quality assessment of the Talar River in Mazandaran Province based on a combination of water quality indicators and multivariate modeling [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 30-47]
Multivariate probit modeling Socio-economic and biophysical determinants of landscape restoration adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 116-142]
MWD Soil resistance improvement against windy erosion by bacterium inoculation and addition of some modifiers [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 309-322]

N

NaCl Impact of effective microorganisms on the amount of leaf and root elements of almond rootstocks under salinity stress [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 185-197]
Nahand Dam Simulation of Nahand reservoir water allocation and its performance evaluation under developed scenarios using the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 295-310]
Nahavand Plain The estimation of actual evapotranspiration of irrigated agricultural and Gardens in Nahavand plain using algorithm SEBAL [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 213-230]
Nano active magnetic biochar Chlorine removal from agricultural wastewater using sugarcane bagasse magnetic nano biochar [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 189-210]
Nano active magnetic biochar Agricultural drainage water sodium removal by biochar [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 285-304]
Nanobiochar Effect of nanobiochar on the kinetics and isotherm of cadmium adsorption in calcareous soil [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 111-130]
NAO Signals Assessing the impact of global meteorological signals on drought occurrence in Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 62-87]
Nash-Sutcliff coefficient Evaluation of PDIR-Now satellite-based precipitation data in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 151-166]
National Water Document Determining the water requirement of the crop pattern of Ardabil Plain based on up-to-date meteorological statistics [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 285-298]
Natural factors Forecasting monthly rainfall using time series modeling and spectral analysis with Fourier model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 140-155]
Natural hazards Landslide and debris flow risk analysis in Haraz and Lavasanat roads [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 14-29]
Natural hazards Urban flood susceptibility prediction using a Fuzzy-Delphi hybrid model in Sanandaj City [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 143-158]
Natural regeneration Evaluating the plantation success by mountain almond (Amygdalus scoparia Spach.) and its effect on vegetation and soil in Arjan habitats of Jamal Beyg region, Fars province [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 227-240]
Natural remedial materials Effect of biochar and vermicompost on the absorb of nickel metal from soil by cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 157-170]
Natural resources The conflict between stakeholders in Ardabil and Germi counties, Ardabil Province, Iran [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 1-14]
NBWP Estimating water productivity of center-pivot irrigation systems using the WaPOR (Case study: Moghan plain) [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 174-190]
NDSI Analysis of changes in maximum snow cover duration in Northwest Iran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 208-225]
NDVI Determining the changes in flood potential caused by drought periods in the Dehak watershed of South Khorasan province [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 149-164]
NDVI Investigating the relation between agricultural and meteorology drought using MLP neural network in northwest Iran [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 163-179]
NDWI Identification of Flash Flood-Prone Areas in Arid and Semi-arid Regions Using Optical and Radar Imagery (Case Study: Semnan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 328-350]
Nehbandan Determining the changes in flood potential caused by drought periods in the Dehak watershed of South Khorasan province [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 149-164]
Net crop profit Assessing current cropping patterns in a semi-arid basin using cost-benefit and water productivity indicators [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 252-266]
Net Irrigation Requirement Determining the water requirement of the crop pattern of Ardabil Plain based on up-to-date meteorological statistics [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 285-298]
NETWAT Determining the water requirement of the crop pattern of Ardabil Plain based on up-to-date meteorological statistics [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 285-298]
Neuro-fuzzy Forecasting river flow using neural intelligence models and LARS-WG models (Case study: Kashkan Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 225-238]
Neuro-genetic Forecasting river flow using neural intelligence models and LARS-WG models (Case study: Kashkan Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 225-238]
Ni Pollution indices of heavy metals in agricultural soils irrigated with raw sewage (Meshginshahr, Ardabil) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 286-306]
NIAZAB system Comparing the amount of sugar beet irrigation water using the NIAZAB system and field measurement [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 308-322]
Nickel metal Effect of biochar and vermicompost on the absorb of nickel metal from soil by cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 157-170]
Nitrate Optimization of aquifers' hydrodynamic coefficients by numerical modeling (Case study: Damaneh-Daran Plain Aquifer) [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 262-278]
Nitrate Adsorption of nitrate from aqueous solution by biochar and Fe–coated biochar [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 70-84]
Nitrate Investigating the accumulation of salts in the soil under sugarcane cultivation in subsurface drip irrigation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 123-139]
Nitrogen Impact of effective microorganisms on the amount of leaf and root elements of almond rootstocks under salinity stress [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 185-197]
Nitrogen The effect of landfill leachate irrigation on different soil characteristics and plant nutrition: a review [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 33-54]
Nitrogen Fertilizer Splitting Evaluation of AquaCrop model for corn simulation under different management of nitrogen fertilizer in Karaj [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 26-41]
Nitrogen Management Evaluation of AquaCrop model for corn simulation under different management of nitrogen fertilizer in Karaj [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 26-41]
Nonlinear crop coefficient Modeling Greenhouse Cucumber Evapotranspiration Using Machine Learning: A Random Forest Approach Versus Traditional and Non-linear Crop Coefficients [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 69-87]
Nonlinear interpolation Application and Comparison of Missing Groundwater Level Data Interpolation Methods with an Emphasis on DeepMVI Performance (Case Study: Ajabshir Plain) [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 17-36]
Nonlinear Learning Modeling soil water repellency in loess soils of northern Iran using machine learning [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 132-148]
Nonlinear Regression Estimation of Groundwater Levels in Arid Climates Using Machine Learning and Fuzzy Intelligent Systems [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 332-349]
Non-stationary analysis Non-stationary modeling of the meteorological drought index SPIt using generalized additive models for location, scale and shape [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 37-53]
Non-user Determinants of farmers’ use of small-scale irrigation practice in the Achewa area, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 159-173]
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Assessing the impacts of urbanization and climate variability on land use dynamics using LSTM networks and satellite remote sensing data [(Articles in Press)]
Northern Iran Evaluation of present meteorological and hydrological drought and its future forecast in the Tajan Watershed [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 57-78]
North Karun Basin Monitoring and comparing NDSI changes using MODIS and ETM+ sensor data to estimate snow cover in North Karun Basin [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 68-82]
Northwest Investigating the relation between agricultural and meteorology drought using MLP neural network in northwest Iran [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 163-179]
NSGAII Investigation of multi-objective optimization algorithms for the design of urban spaces with a focus on quantitative and qualitative control of urban runoff. [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 301-316]
Numerical Modeling Optimization of aquifers' hydrodynamic coefficients by numerical modeling (Case study: Damaneh-Daran Plain Aquifer) [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 262-278]

O

OAT algorithm Sensitivity analysis of climatic factors in water yield modeling in the Talar watershed; an ecosystem service perspective [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 101-120]
Ogee spillway Estimation of waterfall height in the downstream of ogee spillways to hydraulic jump control [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 1-12]
OpenFoam Simulating and investigating the impact of bedform geometric features on flow structure in three-dimensional dunes [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 67-88]
Optimal depth of irrigation Determining the best volume of potato irrigation water in tape drip irrigation system using by WOFOST model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 1-15]
Optimal Water Allocation Optimization of cropping pattern in Minab plain using linear programming under water scarcity conditions [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 252-269]
Optimization algorithms Predicting the electrical conductivity of water using the Hicking CEEMD-LSSVM optimization algorithm [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 323-348]
Optimizer algorithm Assessing the hydraulic parameter’s uncertainty of the HYDRUS model using DREAM method [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 1-15]
Organic compounds Effects of deficit irrigation combined with the use of biochar and compost on the growth, yield and water use efficiency of green pepper [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 20-36]
Organic matter Effect of organic fertilizer and nitrogen levels on plant growth characteristics in Wheat-Corn rotation [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 108-119]
Organic Mulch Investigation of the effect of soil salinity and water quality on saffron daughter corms using crop modeling and measured data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 317-334]
Organizational Cohesion Challenges and strategies towards combating dust storm in Sistan based on the institutional stakeholders viewpoint [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 48-56]
Orthophoto Spatio-temporal monitoring of piping and assessment of erosion and sedimentation using Multi-temporal UAV data [(Articles in Press)]
OTSU Identification of Flash Flood-Prone Areas in Arid and Semi-arid Regions Using Optical and Radar Imagery (Case Study: Semnan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 328-350]
Outflow discharge Assessment of the determinants of salinity in the Gotvand Dam reservoir and the contribution of outlet structures to its regulation [(Articles in Press)]
Outlier data Statistical analysis and forecasting monthly temperature of Sanandaj synoptic station with the application of SARIMA model [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 1-13]
Oxidation and reduction potential Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Environments using Zero Iron Nanoparticles [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-88]

P

Participatory modeling Participatory system dynamics modeling for groundwater resources management (Case study: Marand Plain, Iran) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 262-284]
Particle diameter Comparison of particle size distribution of sediments in mountain and river sand and gravel mining in Urmia City [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 52-65]
Particle size Analysis of the bacterial pollution breakthrough curve in the soil column with different sizes of cow manure in the conditions of grass cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 75-88]
Particle size Effect of cow manure’s particle size on the distribution of Coliform bacterial contamination in a soil column under grass cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 133-142]
Pb Pollution indices of heavy metals in agricultural soils irrigated with raw sewage (Meshginshahr, Ardabil) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 286-306]
PCA Simulating spatial distribution of snow depth using artificial intelligence and linear regression based on feature reduction (Case study: Chalgerd watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 29-43]
PDIR-Now Evaluation of PDIR-Now satellite-based precipitation data in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 151-166]
Pearson coefficient Study and investigation of heavy elements in the soil of Zabol and Birjand cities [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 123-140]
Pearson Correlation Zoning the Potential Flood Hazard and Its Relationship with Hydro-Geomorphological Indices Using the MFFPI Model in the Samian Watershed [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 1-16]
Pendal The impact of drought stress on the growth, yield, and water use efficiency of white sweet potato in autumn cultivation [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 241-251]
Penetration resistance Effect of palm leaf and lemon peel biochar on some physical and mechanical properties of a sandy loam soil [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 69-83]
Penetration resistance Soil resistance improvement against windy erosion by bacterium inoculation and addition of some modifiers [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 309-322]
Penetrometer Modeling of land use effect on soil crust strength in southeastern Ahvaz [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 286-296]
Penman-Manteith Evaluation of Actual Evapotranspiration Estimations of GLEAM Model and GRACE Satellite in the Gharehsu-Gorganrud basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 107-123]
Percentile method Analysis of Seasonal Changes and Intensity Metrics of Extreme Climatic Heatwaves in Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Percolation Assessing the performance of individual and ensembled models in identifying areas with infiltration potential [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 69-86]
Performance Evaluation A systematic review of performance assessment in canal irrigation systems: Integrating socio-technical, remote sensing, and AI-driven approaches for a climate-resilient future [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 254-276]
Performance indicators of the reservoir Simulation of Nahand reservoir water allocation and its performance evaluation under developed scenarios using the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 295-310]
Periodic changes Analysis of changes in maximum snow cover duration in Northwest Iran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 208-225]
Peri-urban areas Rapid urban expansion Land cover dynamics and urbanization in peri-urban areas: Assessing the socio-economic and environmental consequences of rapid urban expansion [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 21-35]
Permanent hardness Effectiveness of reducing Ca–Mg hardness using NaOH precipitation, in Ghardaïa groundwater [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 36-51]
Permissible Erosion Evaluation of soil erosion effects on rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield using SWAT model [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 53-66]
PERSIANN-CDR Evaluation of satellite precipitation products for estimating heavy precipitation on the Caspian coast [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 107-122]
Petit test Quantifying the contributions of climate change and direct human interventions to streamflow alteration in the Hablehrood watershed using empirical approaches [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 298-315]
Pettitt's test Estimating the contribution of climate change and human activities on river discharge variations (Case Study: GharehSoo River) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 168-180]
Phanerochaete chrysosporium Evaluation of the biodegradation of black liquor derived from soda process effluent using Phanerochaete chrysosporium in free and immobilized cell systems [(Articles in Press)]
Phase space Monthly flow analysis of Sefidrood River using Chaos theory [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 27-41]
Phenology Assessing phenological growth stages of barberry tree growth and the effect of climate change on its water requirement in Iran [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 78-92]
Physical productivity Investigating virtual water content and physical and economic water productivity indicators in crops (Case study: Moghan irrigation network, Ardabil province) [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 277-295]
Physical productivity Investigating virtual water content and agricultural water productivity indicators in crops (Case study: Dehloran County, Ilam Province) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 1-18]
Physical water productivity Determining the physical water productivity of wheat in different climates of Kermanshah province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 159-178]
Physiographic variables Estimation of soil texture fractions under limited distribution of field observation using remotely sensed data (a case study: Marjan Watershed Rangelands) [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 66-78]
Phytoremediation Effect of biochar and vermicompost on the absorb of nickel metal from soil by cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 157-170]
Phytotoxicity The effect of landfill leachate irrigation on different soil characteristics and plant nutrition: a review [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 33-54]
Piping؛ Loess deposits Spatio-temporal monitoring of piping and assessment of erosion and sedimentation using Multi-temporal UAV data [(Articles in Press)]
Planning Prioritizing watershed management practices in the Ferizi and Rig-Sefid watersheds using Fuzzy-TOPSIS Method [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 64-76]
Plant characteristics Effect of irrigation supplements, Abyar & Absar on morphological characteristics of Atriplex canescens under greenhouse conditions [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 45-54]
Planting calendar Assessing spatial pattern of irrigation hydromodule under different crop patterns in northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 195-212]
Planting row Investigating the combined effect of different types of irrigation methods and planting rows on the yield and water productivity of pinto beans under different levels of irrigation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 323-337]
Plant root The effect of changes in salinity and irrigation method on the growth of Rose and Hibiscus sabdariffa crops in the Sistan plain [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 181-191]
Plant Species. Marl Identification and prioritization of plants for conservation and stabilization of marls (Case study: Tanghesorkh Watershed, Fars Province) [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 1-13]
Poldasht Plain Investigating virtual water and agricultural water productivity index in crops of Poldasht plain [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 54-68]
Policymaking Application of participatory approach in identifying critical sub-watersheds based on flood generation potential in the Cheshmeh-Kileh Watershed, Mazandaran Province [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 90-107]
Pollutant Transfer Optimization of aquifers' hydrodynamic coefficients by numerical modeling (Case study: Damaneh-Daran Plain Aquifer) [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 262-278]
Pollution indices The effect of coal mining on the accumulation of Pb and Zn and their spatial distribution in the surface soil of Komarzd [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 56-71]
Polyaluminum Chloride Comparative optimization of organic and inorganic coagulants for Bromide removal from Ardabil drinking water [(Articles in Press)]
Pore volume Analysis of the bacterial pollution breakthrough curve in the soil column with different sizes of cow manure in the conditions of grass cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 75-88]
Porous medium Uncertainty analysis in the simulation of effective seepage flow through earth dams with the Monte Carlo algorithm and machine learning [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 151-170]
Potential Evapotranspiration Performance evaluation of different potential evapotranspiration models and application of optimal models for drought monitoring using the RDI index across different climate regimes of Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Potential Performance Improving wheat irrigation productivity in Iran (Part one: from the view point of irrigation system and water management) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 171-193]
PR2 Comparative accuracy assessment of satellite (Sentinel-2, SMAP) and ground-based (TDR, PR2) sensors in soil moisture estimation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 309-327]
Precipitation simulation Effect of biological mulches on the shear resistance of soil channels under soil erosion and rainfall simulation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 98-114]
Precision Agriculture Digital transformation in environmental parameter measurement and monitoring: transitioning from traditional methods [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 349-364]
Prediction A Hybrid SNIP-ANN Model: A Novel Approach for Accurate River Flow Prediction [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 197-211]
Predictor Evaluation of relationships between meteorological parameters and actual evapotranspiration using regression and hierarchical clustering (Case Study: Castelvetrano, Italy) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 159-172]
Preferential flow Effect of cow manure’s particle size on the distribution of Coliform bacterial contamination in a soil column under grass cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 133-142]
Preprocessing Statistical and multi-criteria methods for preprocessing meteorological data in reference evapotranspiration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 252-269]
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Source identification and multi-index evaluation of heavy metal contamination in surface soils of the Pakal sub-watershed, Shazand [(Articles in Press)]
Principle Component Analysis Spectral analysis-artificial intelligence model with spatial variables for some soil chemical properties estimation [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 321-338]
Prioritization Appropriate urban infrastructure management strategies against floods from the perspective of passive defense using SWOT and QSPM (Case study: Kashan City) [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 42-52]
Prioritization Assessment of the Impact of Watershed Management Practices on Hydrological Variables in the Mohammadabad Watershed using the SWAT Model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 156-172]
Priortitization Effects of watershed management practices on the quadric services of Chehel-Chai Watershed, Golestan Province [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 18-36]
Probabilistic analysis Uncertainty analysis in the simulation of effective seepage flow through earth dams with the Monte Carlo algorithm and machine learning [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 151-170]
Probability density function (PDF) Uncertainty analysis in the simulation of effective seepage flow through earth dams with the Monte Carlo algorithm and machine learning [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 151-170]
Probability distribution Forecasting monthly rainfall using time series modeling and spectral analysis with Fourier model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 140-155]
Production functions Investigating the production functions of water consumption in determining the performance of two watermelon cultivars under water stress [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 296-307]
Productivity Enhancement Improving wheat irrigation productivity in Iran (Part two: from the viewpoint of mechanization and farm management) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 194-213]
Productivity Gap Improving wheat irrigation productivity in Iran (Part one: from the view point of irrigation system and water management) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 171-193]
Programmable Water Effect of water price under different allocation scenarios on crop pattern economic productivity [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 196-211]
Protected areas Probability-based modeling for a quantitative wildfire risk analysis in the protected areas of Guilan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 265-282]
Python Modeling Greenhouse Cucumber Evapotranspiration Using Machine Learning: A Random Forest Approach Versus Traditional and Non-linear Crop Coefficients [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 69-87]

Q

Qarah Tikan Evaluation of available surface water resources in Qarah Tikan border basin using satellite products and GIS [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 1-13]
Qara-Su River Integrated biotic and abiotic indicators for evaluating ecosystem health in the Qara-Su River, Iran [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 193-208]
Qazvin Plain The effect of increasing water use efficiency on improving the status of groundwater resources using WEAP model in Qazvin Plain [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 53-62]
QGIS Synergistic effect of land use and climate change on evapotranspiration [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 121-139]
QGIS Basin Model Digital elevation model based-morphometric characterization of Pambujan River Basin in Northern Samar, Philippines [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 52-66]

R

Rainfall Application of geostatistical methods in determination of depth-area-duration rainfall curves (Lorestan province) [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 17-26]
Rainfall The rainfall-runoff hydrological simulation model based on satellite products with the effect of climate scenarios in the study area of Takab [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 179-194]
Rainfall Anomaly Meteorological drought monitoring based on SPI and mRAI indices in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 351-373]
Rainfall erosivity Estimating soil loss rates and land capability classification based on erosion severity in the Womba Watershed, Southern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 41-64]
Rainfall – Runoff Impact of wavelet on accuracy of estimated models in rainfall-runoff modeling (Case study: Sufi Chay) [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 67-79]
Rainfall-Runoff Comparative assessment of Sacramento, SMAR, and SimHyd models in long-term daily runoff simulation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 279-297]
Rainfall-Runoff Evaluation of the basin hydrological response to the instantaneous storm process using the concepts of MATLAB software simulink control system [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 102-118]
Rainfall simulation Effects of biological soil crusts on surface runoff quality [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 93-106]
Rainfall Simulator Effects of surface roughness on sediment heterogeneity under different slopes and rainfall intensities using rainfall simulator [(Articles in Press)]
Rain simulator Comparing of the Runoff and Sediment of Different land uses in Gachsaran and Aghajari formations under Rain simulation [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 55-68]
Raised Bed Planting Systems Improving wheat irrigation productivity in Iran (Part two: from the viewpoint of mechanization and farm management) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 194-213]
Rakaat Khuzestan Classification of critical flood areas based on artificial intelligence algorithms and combined with crowd wisdom methods (Case study: Rakaat Dezpart watershed) [(Articles in Press)]
Rakat Khuzestan Flood vulnerability zoning of the basin based on the remote sensing indicators and decision making techniques (Case study: Rakat basin of Khuzestan) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 234-250]
RANAS approach Comparing the predictive power of the RANAS approach through planned behavior theory in applying sustainable water consumption measures among Minoodasht county farmers [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 130-148]
Random Forest Assessing the performance of individual and ensembled models in identifying areas with infiltration potential [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 69-86]
Random Forest Suspended sediment load modeling by machine learning algorithms in low and high discharge periods (Case study: Kashkan watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 50-65]
Random Forest The streamflow prediction of Kurkursar river using hybrid artificial intelligence models [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 181-199]
Random Forest A novel method based on Landsat 8 and MODIS satellite images to estimate monthly reference evapotranspiration in arid and semi-arid climates [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 180-195]
Random Forest Evaluation of spline and bezier interpolation functions in reference evapotranspiration modeling using satellite image data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 141-158]
Random Forest Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms’ Performance in Multitemporal Image Classification for Agricultural Management (Case Study: Qazvin Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 54-73]
Random Forest method Landslide susceptibility mapping using various soft computing techniques (Case study: A part of Haraz Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 261-278]
Random Forest Model Evaluation of the efficiency of three data mining models in zoning areas prone to gully erosion (Case study: Upper Watershed of Boustan Dam) [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 219-238]
Random Forest Model Evaluation of Machine Learning Techniques (SVM, GLM, FDA, RF) in Preparing Flood Susceptibility Map of a Part of Khuzestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 231-246]
Rangeland The effect of livestock grazing intensity on the frequency distribution pattern and species abundance of rangelands in Sarbisheh, South Khorasan [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 198-216]
Rangeland habitat Determining changes in carbon sequestration and some soil properties in the elevation gradient of rangelands in the north of Sablan, Iran [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 135-150]
Rating curve extrapolation Estimating flood discharge in compound river channels using minimum gauging data [(Articles in Press)]
RCP Assessing phenological growth stages of barberry tree growth and the effect of climate change on its water requirement in Iran [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 78-92]
RCP The rainfall-runoff hydrological simulation model based on satellite products with the effect of climate scenarios in the study area of Takab [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 179-194]
RCP Assessment of surface runoff response to climate change in a Weyib Watershed using the WeSpass-M model [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 233-251]
RCP scenario Evaluating the effects of climate change on the climatic classification in Iran [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 95-112]
RDI Index Performance evaluation of different potential evapotranspiration models and application of optimal models for drought monitoring using the RDI index across different climate regimes of Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Receiver operating characteristic Evaluating the performance of the flexible discriminant analysis model in predicting the flooding potential of the Zarrineh-Rood Watershed [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 269-284]
Reclamation Survey of the effectiveness of desert management plans on the inhabitants of the desert ecosystem (Case study: Kashan) [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 41-52]
Recycled water Farmers’ willingness to use and pay for treated wastewater in the context of untreated wastewater availability [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 223-239]
Reduction Factor Application of geostatistical methods in determination of depth-area-duration rainfall curves (Lorestan province) [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 17-26]
Reference evapotranspiration Modeling Greenhouse Cucumber Evapotranspiration Using Machine Learning: A Random Forest Approach Versus Traditional and Non-linear Crop Coefficients [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 69-87]
Reference evapotranspiration Development of multiple linear regression models for annual reference evapotranspiration estimation under limited data conditions [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 209-231]
Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) Statistical and multi-criteria methods for preprocessing meteorological data in reference evapotranspiration [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 252-269]
Reference plant Assessing spatial pattern of irrigation hydromodule under different crop patterns in northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 195-212]
Regional agricultural policy Assessing current cropping patterns in a semi-arid basin using cost-benefit and water productivity indicators [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 252-266]
Regression Comparing the performance of the multiple linear regression classic method and modern data mining methods in annual rainfall modeling (Case study: Ahvaz city) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 125-142]
Regression Modeling Effect of Enso indices on meteorological drought in the midwest of Iran [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 13-27]
Regular griding Pollution indices of heavy metals in agricultural soils irrigated with raw sewage (Meshginshahr, Ardabil) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 286-306]
Reinforcement Investigation of bioengineering properties of Celtis caucasica and Pistacia atlantica in slope stabilization (Case study: Kalan Malayer Dam) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 192-208]
Removal efficiency Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Environments using Zero Iron Nanoparticles [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-88]
Reservoir Application of light concrete balls as floatation balls to reduce evaporation from free water surfaces [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 211-222]
Reservoir simulation Simulation of Nahand reservoir water allocation and its performance evaluation under developed scenarios using the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 295-310]
Resilience Futuristic research of resilience of water resources with scenario planning approach based on case study: Zayandeh Rood watershed [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 1-19]
Resource management Trend of precipitation and temperature changes at different time scales in the Karkheh Watershed [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 1-12]
Resource management The effect of coal mining on the accumulation of Pb and Zn and their spatial distribution in the surface soil of Komarzd [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 56-71]
Respiration microbial Comparison of the application of unmodified and modified biochar and microorganisms on some microbial and ecophysiological indicators of soil contaminated with crude oil [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 33-56]
Response Surface Methodology Comparative optimization of organic and inorganic coagulants for Bromide removal from Ardabil drinking water [(Articles in Press)]
Restoration strategies Evaluation of solutions to supply part of the environmental requirements of Lake Urmia using MODSIM and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 120-134]
Rimele watershed Evaluation of the effects of soil and water protection operations on soil characteristics, erosion and sedimentation in the Rimele watershed of Lorestan province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 15-28]
Risk assessment The performance of sequencing batch reactors (SBR) in municipal wastewater treatment and risk assessment of SBRs effluent in agricultural irrigation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 84-97]
Risks Appropriate urban infrastructure management strategies against floods from the perspective of passive defense using SWOT and QSPM (Case study: Kashan City) [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 42-52]
River The trend of geometric changes in Qarachai River in the years 1968 to 2021 [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 77-90]
River Basin Digital elevation model based-morphometric characterization of Pambujan River Basin in Northern Samar, Philippines [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 52-66]
River density Urban flood susceptibility prediction using a Fuzzy-Delphi hybrid model in Sanandaj City [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 143-158]
River discharge Estimating the contribution of climate change and human activities on river discharge variations (Case Study: GharehSoo River) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 168-180]
River discharge Indirect estimation of Arvand River discharge using numerical modeling and remote sensing: A novel approach in water resources management [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 277-300]
River flow A Hybrid SNIP-ANN Model: A Novel Approach for Accurate River Flow Prediction [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 197-211]
River flow quality Evaluation of water quality in the Chalus River using the statistical analysis and water quality index (WQI) [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 38-52]
River geometry optimization Optimal channel geometry for balancing discharge and tidal resistance: insights from the Shatt al-Arab River [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 267-286]
River Plume Indirect estimation of Arvand River discharge using numerical modeling and remote sensing: A novel approach in water resources management [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 277-300]
ROC Detecting groundwater resources potential in Isfahan Lenjanat region using weights-of-evidence model [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 25-37]
Roots Investigation of bioengineering properties of Celtis caucasica and Pistacia atlantica in slope stabilization (Case study: Kalan Malayer Dam) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 192-208]
Root Uptake Sensitivity analysis of Hydrus software to input data in simulating water movement and root uptake of grass as a reference plant [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 94-107]
Root Weight Optimization of irrigation intervals and amount of super absorbent in peppermint cultivation using response-surface modeling [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 1-14]
Runoff Investigating the effects of climate change on torrential rains in Tehran province [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 87-105]
Runoff coefficient The effect of alfalfa cover on runoff generation at the scale of erosive plots using a rainfall simulation [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 99-110]
Runoff Retention Comparative analysis of the effects of climate change and land use on runoff and its prediction in a mountainous watershed in Northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 181-198]
Runoff simulation Rainfall-runoff prediction using the GR2M Hydrological Model under Sixth IPCC Scenarios: A Case Study of Lazoreh and Jangaldeh Watersheds [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 109-131]
RUSLE Prediction of soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio using RUSLE at Sanganeh soil conservation research station [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 42-53]
RUSLE Estimating soil loss rates and land capability classification based on erosion severity in the Womba Watershed, Southern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 41-64]

S

Sabzevaran fault Investigating the hydrogeological behavior of Sabzevaran fault using groundwater level data, water quality parameters, and environmental isotopes (18O, 3H and 14C) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 107-122]
Saffron Investigation of the effect of soil salinity and water quality on saffron daughter corms using crop modeling and measured data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 317-334]
Saline soils Effect of climatic drought on surface soil salinity in Kashan Plain [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 36-46]
Salinity Contribution of two Sioul and Ghadah tributaries in reducing the water quality of the Meimeh River: determination of critical points and remedial solutions [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 79-93]
Salinity Delineating the source and mechanism of groundwater salinization in a semi-arid region of southeastern Iran using geophysical and hydrochemical approaches [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 93-111]
Salinity Assessment of the determinants of salinity in the Gotvand Dam reservoir and the contribution of outlet structures to its regulation [(Articles in Press)]
Salinity intrusion Optimal channel geometry for balancing discharge and tidal resistance: insights from the Shatt al-Arab River [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 267-286]
Salmas The effect of lithological units and the role of hydrothermal fluids on the concentration of elements in groundwater resources of the southeast region of Salmas [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 239-254]
Samian Zoning the Potential Flood Hazard and Its Relationship with Hydro-Geomorphological Indices Using the MFFPI Model in the Samian Watershed [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 1-16]
Samian River Long-term assessment of changes in environmental flow regime for sustainable water resources management in a permanent river, Northwest Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Sand mine Comparison of particle size distribution of sediments in mountain and river sand and gravel mining in Urmia City [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 52-65]
Satellite Products The rainfall-runoff hydrological simulation model based on satellite products with the effect of climate scenarios in the study area of Takab [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 179-194]
Scenario The effect of increasing water use efficiency on improving the status of groundwater resources using WEAP model in Qazvin Plain [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 53-62]
Scenario A1B Forecasting river flow using neural intelligence models and LARS-WG models (Case study: Kashkan Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 225-238]
Scenario-based modeling Modeling streamflow dynamics under climate and land use shifts using MIKE SHE in the upper Omo Gibe catchment, Ethiopia [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 121-148]
Scenario development Evaluation of present meteorological and hydrological drought and its future forecast in the Tajan Watershed [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 57-78]
ScenarioWizard Future-oriented agricultural water management with scenario-based evaluation: Case study of Maize in Khuzestan [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 232-251]
Scoring Assessing the status of various irrigation methods in Hokmabad lands of Tabriz city with the Charles Burt method [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 253-268]
SCS Determining the changes in flood potential caused by drought periods in the Dehak watershed of South Khorasan province [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 149-164]
SCS Effect of curve number changes on flood hydrograph in a rapid response watershed (Case study: Ardabil Khiavchai Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 248-261]
SDI Temporal changes in meteorological-hydrological drought (Case study: Guilan Province) [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 1-13]
SDR Prediction of soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio using RUSLE at Sanganeh soil conservation research station [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 42-53]
SDSM Long-term estimation of changes in station climate parameters under the CanESM2 model (Case study: Boroujerd synoptic station) [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 37-52]
Sea Surface Salinity Indirect estimation of Arvand River discharge using numerical modeling and remote sensing: A novel approach in water resources management [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 277-300]
SEBAL Evaluation and assessment of surface energy balance algorithm for land by Landsat 5 satellite imageries to determine water requirement and water productivity of sugar beet by lysimetric data [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 251-268]
SEBAL algorithm The estimation of actual evapotranspiration of irrigated agricultural and Gardens in Nahavand plain using algorithm SEBAL [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 213-230]
Sediment Comparison of particle size distribution of sediments in mountain and river sand and gravel mining in Urmia City [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 52-65]
Sediment Effect of biological mulches on the shear resistance of soil channels under soil erosion and rainfall simulation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 98-114]
Sediment Evaluation of the performance of sediment connectivity and sediment transport capacity indicators in the spatial analysis of the sediment flux pattern in the Neyriz Watershed, Fars Province [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 239-252]
Sediment delivery ratio Effectiveness of watershed management measures on soil erosion and sediment yield reduction (Case study: Doholkooh Watershed, South Khorasan Province) [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 1-17]
Sediment delivery ratio Spatial estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield using the RUSLE and SEDD models in Chehelchay watershed, Golestan Province [(Articles in Press)]
Sediment production Comparing of the Runoff and Sediment of Different land uses in Gachsaran and Aghajari formations under Rain simulation [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 55-68]
Sediment production Investigating and analyzing the effect of climate change on the runoff and sediment using SWAT model (Case study: Ferizi Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 283-298]
Sediment quality Integrated biotic and abiotic indicators for evaluating ecosystem health in the Qara-Su River, Iran [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 193-208]
Sediment rating curve Spatial estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield using the RUSLE and SEDD models in Chehelchay watershed, Golestan Province [(Articles in Press)]
Sediment retention capacity Evaluating the soil retention ecosystem service using the InVEST model in Northeastern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 277-295]
Sediment transport Optimal channel geometry for balancing discharge and tidal resistance: insights from the Shatt al-Arab River [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 267-286]
Seed yield Investigating the combined effect of different types of irrigation methods and planting rows on the yield and water productivity of pinto beans under different levels of irrigation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 323-337]
Seed Zinc Content Optimizing the amount and splitting of nitrogen fertilizer in corn using response surface modeling [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 60-76]
Sefid-Rud Basin Temporal and spatial investigation of groundwater quality with emphasis on industrial uses in Sefid-Rud Basin [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 119-134]
Semi-arid agriculture Optimizing machine learning to reduce crop classification uncertainty in semi-arid Canal command areas [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 303-325]
Semi-distributed Model Assessment of the Impact of Watershed Management Practices on Hydrological Variables in the Mohammadabad Watershed using the SWAT Model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 156-172]
Semi-quantitative Method Evaluation of AquaCrop model for corn simulation under different management of nitrogen fertilizer in Karaj [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 26-41]
Semnan Identification of Flash Flood-Prone Areas in Arid and Semi-arid Regions Using Optical and Radar Imagery (Case Study: Semnan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 328-350]
Sen' Analysis of climate trends and change point detection in Upper Middle Olifants catchment, South Africa [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 199-214]
Sengane Soil Conservation Research Site Evaluation of the effect of range exclosure on soil erosion at plots scale (Case study: Sanganeh Soil Conservation Research Site) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 66-77]
Sen&rsquo Numerical Modeling and Trend Analysis of Mahabad Aquifer Quantitative Status [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 1-17]
Sensitivity analysis Comparative assessment of Sacramento, SMAR, and SimHyd models in long-term daily runoff simulation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 279-297]
Sensitivity analysis Modeling soil water repellency in loess soils of northern Iran using machine learning [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 132-148]
Sensor optimization Uncertainty-aware and interpretable machine learning for reference evapotranspiration in contrasting climates of Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Sentinel Comparative accuracy assessment of satellite (Sentinel-2, SMAP) and ground-based (TDR, PR2) sensors in soil moisture estimation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 309-327]
Sentinel Identification of Flash Flood-Prone Areas in Arid and Semi-arid Regions Using Optical and Radar Imagery (Case Study: Semnan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 328-350]
Sentinel-1 Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms’ Performance in Multitemporal Image Classification for Agricultural Management (Case Study: Qazvin Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 54-73]
Sentinel-2 Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms’ Performance in Multitemporal Image Classification for Agricultural Management (Case Study: Qazvin Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 54-73]
Sentinel-2 image Direct-tangible costs in flood zones simulated using the HEC-RAS 2-D hydraulic model – the Arazkuseh River, Golestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 57-74]
Sequencing batch reactor The performance of sequencing batch reactors (SBR) in municipal wastewater treatment and risk assessment of SBRs effluent in agricultural irrigation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 84-97]
Sequestrin Management of pH water used in nutrient solution on strawberry yield strawberry cv. Diamant. [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 314-325]
SGI Index Groundwater drought hazard zoning and relationship between meteorological and hydrological drought indices in the Urmia aquifer [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 272-289]
Shannon's entropy Monitoring groundwater level network of Dezful-Andimeshk plain [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 326-337]
Shapley value The relationship between teleconnection indices and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at selected stations in Sistan and Baluchistan Province [(Articles in Press)]
Shatt al-Arab River Optimal channel geometry for balancing discharge and tidal resistance: insights from the Shatt al-Arab River [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 267-286]
Shear resistance Effect of biological mulches on the shear resistance of soil channels under soil erosion and rainfall simulation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 98-114]
Shear strength Effect of palm leaf and lemon peel biochar on some physical and mechanical properties of a sandy loam soil [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 69-83]
Shear strength Modeling of land use effect on soil crust strength in southeastern Ahvaz [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 286-296]
Shear strength Effect of Conocarpus biochar on some physical and mechanical properties of calcareous soil under corn cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 19-38]
Shear stress Simulating and investigating the impact of bedform geometric features on flow structure in three-dimensional dunes [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 67-88]
Sicily Evaluation of relationships between meteorological parameters and actual evapotranspiration using regression and hierarchical clustering (Case Study: Castelvetrano, Italy) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 159-172]
Simulink Evaluation of the basin hydrological response to the instantaneous storm process using the concepts of MATLAB software simulink control system [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 102-118]
Sirjan aquifer Pollution vulnerability assessment of groundwater in Sirjan Plain using DRASTIC and GIS [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 200-214]
Sistan Challenges and strategies towards combating dust storm in Sistan based on the institutional stakeholders viewpoint [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 48-56]
Sistan and Balochestan Projection the Wind Field in the Future Based on the CMIP5 and CMIP6 Climate Models in Sistan and Baluchestan Province Introduction [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 219-233]
Sistan and Balouchestan Province Monthly prediction of pan evaporation using individual and combined approaches of data mining models in arid regions [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 227-240]
Sistan plain Survey and zoning the concentration of heavy metals in the water of wells along the Sistan River from zero point border to Hamoun International Wetland [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 52-69]
Skewness Analytical comparison of soil particle size distribution in different land uses/covers of the Vaz watershed using laser granulometry [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 77-93]
Slope Change Ratio of Accumulative Quantity method Quantifying the contributions of climate change and direct human interventions to streamflow alteration in the Hablehrood watershed using empirical approaches [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 298-315]
Slow runoff Evaluation of the basin hydrological response to the instantaneous storm process using the concepts of MATLAB software simulink control system [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 102-118]
Smallholder farmers Socio-economic and biophysical determinants of landscape restoration adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 116-142]
Small-scale irrigation Determinants of farmers’ use of small-scale irrigation practice in the Achewa area, Gambella, Southwestern Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 159-173]
Small-scale irrigation Adoption of small-scale irrigation pathway for rural food security: Key determinants and coping strategies in Ethiopia [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 78-94]
Small-scale irrigation Contribution of irrigation practices for reducing farmers’ vulnerability to climate change and variability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 270-293]
SMAP Estimation of surface net water flow and its relationship with hydrological and ecological parameters in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 16-33]
SMAP Comparative accuracy assessment of satellite (Sentinel-2, SMAP) and ground-based (TDR, PR2) sensors in soil moisture estimation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 309-327]
Smart agriculture Self-Attention Mechanism-Long Short Term Memory Neural Network Models for Irrigation Demand Prediction: An Evaluation and Performance Analysis [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 283-300]
Smart Irrigation Development of an irrigation decision support system and investigation of its compatibility with the conditions of the Mahabad irrigation and drainage network [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 55-74]
SNIP Algorithm A Hybrid SNIP-ANN Model: A Novel Approach for Accurate River Flow Prediction [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 197-211]
Snow Monitoring and comparing NDSI changes using MODIS and ETM+ sensor data to estimate snow cover in North Karun Basin [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 68-82]
Snow Analysis of changes in maximum snow cover duration in Northwest Iran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 208-225]
Snow Depth Simulating spatial distribution of snow depth using artificial intelligence and linear regression based on feature reduction (Case study: Chalgerd watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 29-43]
Sobol sensitivity analysis The relationship between teleconnection indices and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at selected stations in Sistan and Baluchistan Province [(Articles in Press)]
Social factors The conflict between stakeholders in Ardabil and Germi counties, Ardabil Province, Iran [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 1-14]
Sodium Agricultural drainage water sodium removal by biochar [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 285-304]
Sodium carbonate Effectiveness of reducing Ca–Mg hardness using NaOH precipitation, in Ghardaïa groundwater [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 36-51]
Sodium hydroxide Effectiveness of reducing Ca–Mg hardness using NaOH precipitation, in Ghardaïa groundwater [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 36-51]
Sodium surface absorption ratio Desertification intensity affected by groundwater and land subsidence in Maharloo-Bakhtegan watershed [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 171-184]
Soft Computing techniques Performance assessment of the artificial intelligence models for prediction of the infiltration rate in the Surface Soil of Geological Formations (Case Study: Aleshtar Watershed, Lorestan Province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 290-308]
Soil Sensitivity analysis of Hydrus software to input data in simulating water movement and root uptake of grass as a reference plant [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 94-107]
Soil Evaluation of point pedotransfer functions in estimating field capacity and permanent wilting point water content [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 192-207]
Soil acidity The effect of biochar-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) on uptake of heavy metals from landfill leachate and industrial wastewater by basil plant [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 51-68]
Soil Aggregate Stability Modeling soil water repellency in loess soils of northern Iran using machine learning [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 132-148]
Soil amendment Effect of palm leaf and lemon peel biochar on some physical and mechanical properties of a sandy loam soil [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 69-83]
Soil amendment Effect of Conocarpus biochar on some physical and mechanical properties of calcareous soil under corn cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 19-38]
Soil amendments The effect of the combined use of biochar and bentonite on evaporation and soil moisture [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 173-186]
Soil and water conservation The effect of alfalfa cover on runoff generation at the scale of erosive plots using a rainfall simulation [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 99-110]
Soil and water conservation Soil and water conservation practices: effectiveness and determinants of adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 240-253]
Soil Conservation Evaluation of soil erosion effects on rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield using SWAT model [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 53-66]
Soil Conservation Assessing weathering and resistance of rock units against erosion in the West Islamabad region, Kermanshah province [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 150-162]
Soil Conservation Assessment of the Impact of Watershed Management Practices on Hydrological Variables in the Mohammadabad Watershed using the SWAT Model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 156-172]
Soil contamination The effect of using bi-levels geocomposite sheets on the chemical and biochemical characteristics of soil under wastewater reuse [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Soil Contamination Indices Source identification and multi-index evaluation of heavy metal contamination in surface soils of the Pakal sub-watershed, Shazand [(Articles in Press)]
Soil Degradation and Loss Introducing suitable plant species for rill erosion control [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 60-74]
Soil erosion Comparing of the Runoff and Sediment of Different land uses in Gachsaran and Aghajari formations under Rain simulation [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 55-68]
Soil erosion Assessing weathering and resistance of rock units against erosion in the West Islamabad region, Kermanshah province [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 150-162]
Soil erosion Investigating and analyzing the effect of climate change on the runoff and sediment using SWAT model (Case study: Ferizi Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 283-298]
Soil erosion Identifying Effective Factors and Landslide Risk Zoning using the Maximum Entropy Method(Case study: Chalus Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 247-264]
Soil erosion Evaluating the soil retention ecosystem service using the InVEST model in Northeastern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 277-295]
Soil erosion Analytical comparison of soil particle size distribution in different land uses/covers of the Vaz watershed using laser granulometry [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 77-93]
Soil erosion Analysis of the relationship between land use contributions to sediment yield with landscape metrics and soil erosion factors in the Kasilian watershed [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 94-108]
Soil erosion Linking soil erosion and food security in Kano State, Nigeria: A geospatial assessment using RUSLE and household surveys [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 1-20]
Soil fertility Influence of land use and management practices on soil physicochemical properties across slope gradients [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 15-27]
Soil fertility Land use/land cover dynamics and their impact on selected soil properties in an Ethiopian highland ecosystem [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 301-322]
Soil fertility Effect of Haloxylon plantation age on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks: management implications for arid land restoration [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 287-302]
Soil field capacity Application of porous clay capsule technique in optimizing water consumption of citrus orchard [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 15-24]
Soil hydraulic conductivity Uncertainty analysis in the simulation of effective seepage flow through earth dams with the Monte Carlo algorithm and machine learning [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 151-170]
Soil improvement Evaluating the plantation success by mountain almond (Amygdalus scoparia Spach.) and its effect on vegetation and soil in Arjan habitats of Jamal Beyg region, Fars province [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 227-240]
Soil mechanics Investigation of bioengineering properties of Celtis caucasica and Pistacia atlantica in slope stabilization (Case study: Kalan Malayer Dam) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 192-208]
Soil moisture Effects of irrigation methods of subsurface, clay pot and drop on Mulberry growth in dry land region (Case study: Sistan area) [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 25-35]
Soil moisture Estimation of surface net water flow and its relationship with hydrological and ecological parameters in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 16-33]
Soil moisture Comparative accuracy assessment of satellite (Sentinel-2, SMAP) and ground-based (TDR, PR2) sensors in soil moisture estimation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 309-327]
Soil organic matter Effect of Haloxylon plantation age on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks: management implications for arid land restoration [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 287-302]
Soil physicochemical properties Effect of Haloxylon plantation age on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks: management implications for arid land restoration [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 287-302]
Soil pollution Effect of nanobiochar on the kinetics and isotherm of cadmium adsorption in calcareous soil [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 111-130]
Soil pollution Study and investigation of heavy elements in the soil of Zabol and Birjand cities [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 123-140]
Soil Productivity Evaluation of soil erosion effects on rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield using SWAT model [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 53-66]
Soil quality Evaluation of the effects of soil and water protection operations on soil characteristics, erosion and sedimentation in the Rimele watershed of Lorestan province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 15-28]
Soil salinity Evaluation and validation of salinity monitoring indices in the Qazvin plain [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 40-51]
Soil salinity Spatial analysis of soil salinity anomaly in Fars Province due to heavy spring rains [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 36-49]
Soil salinity The effect of landfill leachate irrigation on different soil characteristics and plant nutrition: a review [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 33-54]
Soil salinity Investigation of the effect of soil salinity and water quality on saffron daughter corms using crop modeling and measured data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 317-334]
Soil salinity Estimating soil moisture using vegetation cover indices and soil surface temperature in agricultural and saline fields of Qazvin plain [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 182-198]
Soil test Effect of organic fertilizer and nitrogen levels on plant growth characteristics in Wheat-Corn rotation [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 108-119]
Soil texture The effect of cow manure compost enriched with iron and zinc metal scraps on the available iron and zinc concentrations of calcareous soils with different textures [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 212-224]
Soil texture Soil texture mapping: a novel approach combining interpolation techniques and decision tree classifiers [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 287-302]
Soil texture fractions Estimation of soil texture fractions under limited distribution of field observation using remotely sensed data (a case study: Marjan Watershed Rangelands) [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 66-78]
Soil water retention The effect of organic fertilizer on the changes of soil physical properties in different rotations cultivation in permanent plots [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 121-132]
Sorting Analytical comparison of soil particle size distribution in different land uses/covers of the Vaz watershed using laser granulometry [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 77-93]
Southern Ethiopia Biophysical factors determining adoption of soil and water conservation measures in small holder farming system [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 191-210]
South Mehyar aquifer Modeling and quantitative investigation of the groundwater condition of the South Mehyar-Dasht Asman aquifer using the MODFLOW model [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 1-17]
South-Western Nigeria Hydrological regime shifts and functional river typologies in South-Western Nigeria [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 143-158]
Southwest Ethiopia Soil and water conservation practices: effectiveness and determinants of adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 240-253]
Spatial analysis Landslide and debris flow risk analysis in Haraz and Lavasanat roads [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 14-29]
Spatial Distribution Simulating spatial distribution of snow depth using artificial intelligence and linear regression based on feature reduction (Case study: Chalgerd watershed) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 29-43]
Spatial Drought Analysis Meteorological drought monitoring based on SPI and mRAI indices in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 351-373]
Spatial-Temporal Drought Analysis Assessment of drought condition in Guilan Province using the Keetch–Byram Drought Index (KBDI) in accordance with the Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI) [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 57-67]
Spatial variability Spatial variability modeling and geostatistical estimation of coefficients of some water infiltration equations in calcareous soil of Bajgah, Shiraz [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 131-150]
Spatial variations Investigation of Spatial Distribution and Changes in Temporal Characteristics of Winter Season in the Lake Urmia Basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 338-350]
Spatio-temporal changes Spatio-temporal monitoring of piping and assessment of erosion and sedimentation using Multi-temporal UAV data [(Articles in Press)]
Specialized Working Group Challenges and strategies towards combating dust storm in Sistan based on the institutional stakeholders viewpoint [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 48-56]
Species abundance distribution models The effect of livestock grazing intensity on the frequency distribution pattern and species abundance of rangelands in Sarbisheh, South Khorasan [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 198-216]
SPEI Evaluation of the effects of drought indicators on water poverty (Case Study: Gorgan Township) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 305-320]
SPEI Analysis of meteorological drought characteristics in Iran using high-resolution TerraClimate data and the runs theory [(Articles in Press)]
SPI Temporal changes in meteorological-hydrological drought (Case study: Guilan Province) [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 1-13]
SPI Investigating the relation between agricultural and meteorology drought using MLP neural network in northwest Iran [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 163-179]
Spline Evaluation of spline and bezier interpolation functions in reference evapotranspiration modeling using satellite image data [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 141-158]
Spraying Management of pH water used in nutrient solution on strawberry yield strawberry cv. Diamant. [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 314-325]
Spreading Parameter Sensitivity analysis of hydraulic parameters of transport heavy metals Cd, Ni, and Zn in disturbed and undisturbed loamy soil columns [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 203-224]
Spring The effect of lithological units and the role of hydrothermal fluids on the concentration of elements in groundwater resources of the southeast region of Salmas [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 239-254]
SSPs Future-oriented agricultural water management with scenario-based evaluation: Case study of Maize in Khuzestan [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 232-251]
SSP Scenario Evaluating the effects of climate change on urban runoff based on CMIP6 models (Case study: district 10 of Tehran municipality) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 269-285]
SSP scenarios The effects of climate change on precipitation and temperature using SSP scenarios (case study: Fars province) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 199-218]
SSP scenarios Drought Trend Analysis and Forecasting in the Moghan Plain Using the SPI Index and Cmip6 Climate Models [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 230-260]
SSP scenarios Projection of temperature and radiation in arid and semi-arid climates under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) scenarios [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 32-48]
Standardized flow rate index Comparative study of drought meteorological (SPI) and hydrological (SSI) indices based on the best cumulative distribution function for Urmia Basin [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 53-63]
Standardized Precipitation Index Assessing the impact of global meteorological signals on drought occurrence in Iran [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 62-87]
Standardized rainfall index Comparative study of drought meteorological (SPI) and hydrological (SSI) indices based on the best cumulative distribution function for Urmia Basin [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 53-63]
Standard Normal Homogeneity test Quantifying the contributions of climate change and human interventions on streamflow alteration in the Hableroud River basin using the hydrological sensitivity analysis approach based on the Budyko hypothesis [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 241-259]
Statistical mdeling Statistical analysis and forecasting monthly temperature of Sanandaj synoptic station with the application of SARIMA model [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 1-13]
Statistical techniques Classification of critical flood areas based on artificial intelligence algorithms and combined with crowd wisdom methods (Case study: Rakaat Dezpart watershed) [(Articles in Press)]
Streamflow Hydrograph Using of Hydrograph Analysis Methods for Base Flow Estimation (Case Study: Silakhor-Rahimabad Watershed) [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 89-106]
Streamflow modeling Performance comparison of Artificial Intelligence models with IHACRES model in streamflow modeling of the Gamasiab River catchment [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 1-16]
Subsurface irrigation Application of porous clay capsule technique in optimizing water consumption of citrus orchard [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 15-24]
Subsurface irrigation The effect of using bi-levels geocomposite sheets on the chemical and biochemical characteristics of soil under wastewater reuse [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Sufi Chay Impact of wavelet on accuracy of estimated models in rainfall-runoff modeling (Case study: Sufi Chay) [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 67-79]
Sugar beet grain yield Comparing the amount of sugar beet irrigation water using the NIAZAB system and field measurement [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 308-322]
Sugarcane bagasse Chlorine removal from agricultural wastewater using sugarcane bagasse magnetic nano biochar [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 189-210]
Sugarcane bagasse Agricultural drainage water sodium removal by biochar [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 285-304]
Sugarcane bagasse Comparison of the application of unmodified and modified biochar and microorganisms on some microbial and ecophysiological indicators of soil contaminated with crude oil [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 33-56]
Supply-Demand-Performance relationships The effect of applying river environmental requirements on the design and operation characteristics of storage reservoirs using the Monte Carlo method (case study: Nazlou reservoir dam) [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 54-76]
Support Vector Comparing the performance of the multiple linear regression classic method and modern data mining methods in annual rainfall modeling (Case study: Ahvaz city) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 125-142]
Support Vector Estimation of Groundwater Levels in Arid Climates Using Machine Learning and Fuzzy Intelligent Systems [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 332-349]
Support Vector Machine (SVR) Uncertainty analysis in the simulation of effective seepage flow through earth dams with the Monte Carlo algorithm and machine learning [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 151-170]
Surface adsorption Effect of nanobiochar on the kinetics and isotherm of cadmium adsorption in calcareous soil [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 111-130]
Surface adsorption Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Environments using Zero Iron Nanoparticles [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-88]
Surface energy balance Estimation of actual evapotranspiration and water requirement of rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) using SEBAL algorithm [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 20-36]
Surface flow The effect of alfalfa cover on runoff generation at the scale of erosive plots using a rainfall simulation [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 99-110]
Surface irrigation Application of artificial neural network models in estimating nectarine crop yield under two-sided furrow irrigation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 47-59]
Surface irrigation Field assessment and analysis of border irrigation systems with WinSRFR software (Case study: Urmia Plain wheat fields) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 187-202]
Surface net water flux Estimation of surface net water flow and its relationship with hydrological and ecological parameters in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 16-33]
Surface Runoff Assessment of surface runoff response to climate change in a Weyib Watershed using the WeSpass-M model [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 233-251]
Surface Runoff Estimating the water balance of the Kowsar Dam watershed using the SWAT hydrological model and satellite data [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 226-240]
Surface water Assessment of groundwater resources vulnerability, reliability and resilience under drought condition (Case study: Dehgolan plain, Kurdistan province) [(Articles in Press)]
Suspended load Assessing soft calculation methods in river suspended sediment estimation (Hassan Abad station of Tirah river) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 241-260]
Sustainability Assessment of groundwater resources vulnerability, reliability and resilience under drought condition (Case study: Dehgolan plain, Kurdistan province) [(Articles in Press)]
Sustainable Agriculture Optimization of cropping pattern in Minab plain using linear programming under water scarcity conditions [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 252-269]
Sustainable Development Application of participatory approach in identifying critical sub-watersheds based on flood generation potential in the Cheshmeh-Kileh Watershed, Mazandaran Province [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 90-107]
Sustainable Development Assessing watershed sustainability using the watershed sustainability index (Case study: Bujin watershed in Hamadan province) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 17-32]
Sustainable land management Linking soil erosion and food security in Kano State, Nigeria: A geospatial assessment using RUSLE and household surveys [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 1-20]
Sustainable land management Land use/land cover dynamics and their impact on selected soil properties in an Ethiopian highland ecosystem [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 301-322]
Sustainable land productivity Influence of land use and management practices on soil physicochemical properties across slope gradients [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 15-27]
Sustainable urban development Impacts of urban expansion on spatio-temporal patterns of carbon storage ecosystem service in Bandar Abbas Watershed using InVEST software [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 91-106]
SWAT model Estimating the water balance of the Kowsar Dam watershed using the SWAT hydrological model and satellite data [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 226-240]
SWC measures Biophysical factors determining adoption of soil and water conservation measures in small holder farming system [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 191-210]
SWC practices Factors influencing household-level adoption of soil and water conservation practices among smallholder farmers: Application of Binary Logistic Regression [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 171-192]
SWMM Evaluating the effects of climate change on urban runoff based on CMIP6 models (Case study: district 10 of Tehran municipality) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 269-285]
SWOT analysis A review of evaporation suppression methods from open surface reservoirs using SWOT analysis [(Articles in Press)]
System dynamics Participatory system dynamics modeling for groundwater resources management (Case study: Marand Plain, Iran) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 262-284]
System dynamics Assessment of the Water Resources Carrying Capacity of Anzali Wetland Using a Combined AHP-Entropy Weighting Method and Forward cloud model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 251-271]

T

Talar River Water quality assessment of the Talar River in Mazandaran Province based on a combination of water quality indicators and multivariate modeling [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 30-47]
Tank model Evaluation of the basin hydrological response to the instantaneous storm process using the concepts of MATLAB software simulink control system [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 102-118]
TDR Comparative accuracy assessment of satellite (Sentinel-2, SMAP) and ground-based (TDR, PR2) sensors in soil moisture estimation [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 309-327]
Tehran The effects of climate change on increasing the risk of drought in Tehran using CMIP6 scenarios [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 133-148]
Teleconnection patterns Correlation between the average temperature of the Abargu-Sirjan Basin and the teleconnection patterns from the Atlantic Ocean [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 270-285]
Teleconnections The relationship between teleconnection indices and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at selected stations in Sistan and Baluchistan Province [(Articles in Press)]
Temperature 25th percentile Investigation of Spatial Distribution and Changes in Temporal Characteristics of Winter Season in the Lake Urmia Basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 338-350]
Temperature anomaly Analysis of Seasonal Changes and Intensity Metrics of Extreme Climatic Heatwaves in Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Temperature condition index Spatio-temporal variation of meteorological drought and its relation with temperature and vegetation condition indices using remote sensing and satellite imagery in Marvdasht city [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 72-89]
Temperature threshold Investigation of Spatial Distribution and Changes in Temporal Characteristics of Winter Season in the Lake Urmia Basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 338-350]
Temporal features Water wave height prediction using a novel hybrid deep learning model with output uncertainty quantification [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 140-170]
Temporal monitoring Comparative Performance Analysis of Google Earth Engine and SNAP Platforms for Estimating Water Quality Parameters in Minab Dam Reservoir Using Multi-Spectral Resolution Satellite Imagery [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 104-122]
Terra & Aqua MODIS Analysis of changes in maximum snow cover duration in Northwest Iran [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 208-225]
TerraClimate Analysis of meteorological drought characteristics in Iran using high-resolution TerraClimate data and the runs theory [(Articles in Press)]
The Arazkuseh River Direct-tangible costs in flood zones simulated using the HEC-RAS 2-D hydraulic model – the Arazkuseh River, Golestan Province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 57-74]
Thermal Indices Intuition on Climate Change in Zagros Vegetative Regions Case Study of Oak Tree Decline Sites in Ilam Province [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 149-188]
Thiessen Polygon Temporal-spatial modeling of precipitation using an approach based on MLR, ANN, HBA-ANN hybrid algorithm [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 113-132]
TH reduction Effectiveness of reducing Ca–Mg hardness using NaOH precipitation, in Ghardaïa groundwater [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 36-51]
Time distribution Trend of precipitation and temperature changes at different time scales in the Karkheh Watershed [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 1-12]
Time series decomposition Water wave height prediction using a novel hybrid deep learning model with output uncertainty quantification [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 140-170]
Topography Influence of land use and management practices on soil physicochemical properties across slope gradients [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 15-27]
Total solar radiation Evaluation of relationships between meteorological parameters and actual evapotranspiration using regression and hierarchical clustering (Case Study: Castelvetrano, Italy) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 159-172]
Transparency International climate change law: strategies for mitigation, adaptation, and accountability [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 18-31]
Transport of bacteria Effect of cow manure’s particle size on the distribution of Coliform bacterial contamination in a soil column under grass cultivation [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 133-142]
Treatment and control sub-watersheds Effects of watershed management practices on the quadric services of Chehel-Chai Watershed, Golestan Province [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 18-36]
Trencher Optimal installation depth of subsurface drains with the aim of reducing construction costs [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 13-23]
Trend Statistical analysis and forecasting monthly temperature of Sanandaj synoptic station with the application of SARIMA model [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 1-13]
Trend Temporal and spatial investigation of groundwater quality with emphasis on industrial uses in Sefid-Rud Basin [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 119-134]
Trend Correlation between the average temperature of the Abargu-Sirjan Basin and the teleconnection patterns from the Atlantic Ocean [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 270-285]
Trend Analysis Analysis of climate trends and change point detection in Upper Middle Olifants catchment, South Africa [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 199-214]
Trend Analysis Long-term assessment of changes in environmental flow regime for sustainable water resources management in a permanent river, Northwest Iran [(Articles in Press)]
Trend detection Analysis of meteorological drought characteristics in Iran using high-resolution TerraClimate data and the runs theory [(Articles in Press)]
TRMM Evaluation of satellite precipitation products for estimating heavy precipitation on the Caspian coast [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 107-122]
Trounsboundary basin Evaluation of available surface water resources in Qarah Tikan border basin using satellite products and GIS [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 1-13]

U

Uncertainty Uncertainty analysis of artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) models in predicting monthly river flow (Case study: Ghezelozan River) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 311-326]
Uncertainty analysis Modeling soil water repellency in loess soils of northern Iran using machine learning [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 132-148]
Uncertainty reduction Integrating geodetic technology with legal governance for global monitoring of water and soil dynamics: Kalman filter and inverse modeling approaches [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 28-40]
Unit hydrograph Evaluation of the basin hydrological response to the instantaneous storm process using the concepts of MATLAB software simulink control system [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 102-118]
Universal Soil Loss Equation Spatial estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield using the RUSLE and SEDD models in Chehelchay watershed, Golestan Province [(Articles in Press)]
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Spatio-temporal monitoring of piping and assessment of erosion and sedimentation using Multi-temporal UAV data [(Articles in Press)]
Urban Runoff Evaluating the effects of climate change on urban runoff based on CMIP6 models (Case study: district 10 of Tehran municipality) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 269-285]
Urban Runoff Optimum redesign of runoff harvesting channels to reduce vulnerability and increase reliability against climate change [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 85-101]
Urban Wastewater The effect of using bi-levels of geocomposite sheets on the quality of Shahrekord University wastewater [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 203-218]
Urban Wastewater The effect of using bi-levels geocomposite sheets on the chemical and biochemical characteristics of soil under wastewater reuse [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 1-14]
Urea Effect of organic fertilizer and nitrogen levels on plant growth characteristics in Wheat-Corn rotation [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 108-119]
Urmia Meteorological drought monitoring based on SPI and mRAI indices in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 351-373]
Urmia Lake Application of artificial neural network models in estimating nectarine crop yield under two-sided furrow irrigation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 47-59]
Urmia Lake Comparative study of drought meteorological (SPI) and hydrological (SSI) indices based on the best cumulative distribution function for Urmia Basin [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 53-63]
Urmia Lake Evaluation of solutions to supply part of the environmental requirements of Lake Urmia using MODSIM and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 120-134]
Urmia Lake Basin Estimation of surface net water flow and its relationship with hydrological and ecological parameters in the Urmia Lake basin [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 16-33]
Urmia plain Field assessment and analysis of border irrigation systems with WinSRFR software (Case study: Urmia Plain wheat fields) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 187-202]

V

Variability Effects of surface roughness on sediment heterogeneity under different slopes and rainfall intensities using rainfall simulator [(Articles in Press)]
Variability pattern Trend of precipitation and temperature changes at different time scales in the Karkheh Watershed [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 1-12]
Variogram Spatial variability modeling and geostatistical estimation of coefficients of some water infiltration equations in calcareous soil of Bajgah, Shiraz [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 131-150]
Vegetables The effect of biochar-modified layered double hydroxide (LDH) on uptake of heavy metals from landfill leachate and industrial wastewater by basil plant [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 51-68]
Vegetation Introducing suitable plant species for rill erosion control [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 60-74]
Vegetation change Land use changes around the wetland and diversity of waterfowl and shorebirds in Anzali, Almagol, Alagol, and Ajigol international wetlands (Iran) [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 27-39]
Vegetation condition index Spatio-temporal variation of meteorological drought and its relation with temperature and vegetation condition indices using remote sensing and satellite imagery in Marvdasht city [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 72-89]
Vegetation indices (VIs) A review of remote sensing vegetation indices in the land cover assessment [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 297-318]
Vegetative growth Application of porous clay capsule technique in optimizing water consumption of citrus orchard [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 15-24]
Velocity Simulating and investigating the impact of bedform geometric features on flow structure in three-dimensional dunes [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 67-88]
Viability rate Evaluating the plantation success by mountain almond (Amygdalus scoparia Spach.) and its effect on vegetation and soil in Arjan habitats of Jamal Beyg region, Fars province [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 227-240]
Vigor-Organization-Resilience The effect of climate change on the Fariman Dam watershed health using VOR model [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 107-121]
Vikor Flood vulnerability zoning of the basin based on the remote sensing indicators and decision making techniques (Case study: Rakat basin of Khuzestan) [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 234-250]
VIKOR method Effect of morphometric factors in prioritizing flooding of sub-watersheds in the north of Birjand Plain [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 240-255]
Virtual water Investigating virtual water and agricultural water productivity index in crops of Poldasht plain [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 54-68]
Virtual water Investigating virtual water content and physical and economic water productivity indicators in crops (Case study: Moghan irrigation network, Ardabil province) [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 277-295]
Virtual water content Investigating virtual water content and agricultural water productivity indicators in crops (Case study: Dehloran County, Ilam Province) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 1-18]
Vulnerability Pollution vulnerability assessment of groundwater in Sirjan Plain using DRASTIC and GIS [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 200-214]

W

WANN Impact of wavelet on accuracy of estimated models in rainfall-runoff modeling (Case study: Sufi Chay) [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 67-79]
Warning Monitoring and investigation of wind erosion warning areas in the northwest of Golestan Province (Case study: Aq Qala and Gomishan Cities) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 343-356]
Wastewater treatment The performance of sequencing batch reactors (SBR) in municipal wastewater treatment and risk assessment of SBRs effluent in agricultural irrigation [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 84-97]
Wastewater treatment Evaluation of the biodegradation of black liquor derived from soda process effluent using Phanerochaete chrysosporium in free and immobilized cell systems [(Articles in Press)]
Water Sensitivity analysis of Hydrus software to input data in simulating water movement and root uptake of grass as a reference plant [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 94-107]
Water Futuristic research of resilience of water resources with scenario planning approach based on case study: Zayandeh Rood watershed [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 1-19]
Water absorption The effect of the combined use of biochar and bentonite on evaporation and soil moisture [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 173-186]
Water analysis Effectiveness of reducing Ca–Mg hardness using NaOH precipitation, in Ghardaïa groundwater [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 36-51]
Water and soil modeling Integrating geodetic technology with legal governance for global monitoring of water and soil dynamics: Kalman filter and inverse modeling approaches [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 28-40]
Water and Soil Resources Challenges and strategies towards combating dust storm in Sistan based on the institutional stakeholders viewpoint [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 48-56]
Water and Soil Resources Projection of temperature and radiation in arid and semi-arid climates under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) scenarios [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 32-48]
Water availability for plants Evaluation of Soil Water Integral Energy Estimation Using Linear and Non-linear Models [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 317-331]
Water consumption Application of porous clay capsule technique in optimizing water consumption of citrus orchard [Volume 1, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 15-24]
Water consumption Evaluation of the effects of drought indicators on water poverty (Case Study: Gorgan Township) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 305-320]
Water consumption Determining the physical water productivity of wheat in different climates of Kermanshah province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 159-178]
Water Demand Investigating virtual water and agricultural water productivity index in crops of Poldasht plain [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 54-68]
Water Demand Formulation of an optimized Cropping pattern in order to manage groundwater level changes in Shahriar Plain [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 217-235]
Water Demand Simulation of Nahand reservoir water allocation and its performance evaluation under developed scenarios using the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 295-310]
Water depth Assessment of Climate Change Transformations and Their Impact on the Hydrological Regime of Gorgan Bay Wetland [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 1-17]
Water efficiency Effect of irrigation supplements, Abyar & Absar on morphological characteristics of Atriplex canescens under greenhouse conditions [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 45-54]
Water efficiency Estimating water productivity of center-pivot irrigation systems using the WaPOR (Case study: Moghan plain) [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 174-190]
Water evaluation and planning model (WEAP) Simulation of Nahand reservoir water allocation and its performance evaluation under developed scenarios using the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 295-310]
Waterfall Estimation of waterfall height in the downstream of ogee spillways to hydraulic jump control [Volume 1, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 1-12]
Water footprint Application of the water footprint concept in the assessment of water scarcity and water stress in the agricultural sector in Hormozgan Province [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 233-248]
Water footprint Evaluation of water stress index and water poverty in rice production based on the water footprint concept in Iran [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 18-35]
Water level Assessment of the determinants of salinity in the Gotvand Dam reservoir and the contribution of outlet structures to its regulation [(Articles in Press)]
Water losses Application of light concrete balls as floatation balls to reduce evaporation from free water surfaces [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 211-222]
Water Pollution Water quality assessment of the Talar River in Mazandaran Province based on a combination of water quality indicators and multivariate modeling [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 30-47]
Water Pollution Survey and zoning the concentration of heavy metals in the water of wells along the Sistan River from zero point border to Hamoun International Wetland [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 52-69]
Water Poverty Index Evaluation of the effects of drought indicators on water poverty (Case Study: Gorgan Township) [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 305-320]
Water pricing Evaluating the impact of water pricing on macroeconomic variables in Iran using dynamic computable general equilibrium models [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 260-269]
Water productivity Investigating virtual water content and physical and economic water productivity indicators in crops (Case study: Moghan irrigation network, Ardabil province) [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 277-295]
Water productivity Comparing the amount of sugar beet irrigation water using the NIAZAB system and field measurement [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 308-322]
Water productivity Evaluation of the SALTMED model to simulate potato yield and water productivity under different irrigation water management in the Shahrekord [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 329-340]
Water productivity Determining the best volume of potato irrigation water in tape drip irrigation system using by WOFOST model [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 1-15]
Water productivity Optimization of cropping pattern in Minab plain using linear programming under water scarcity conditions [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 252-269]
Water Quality Contribution of two Sioul and Ghadah tributaries in reducing the water quality of the Meimeh River: determination of critical points and remedial solutions [Volume 2, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 79-93]
Water Quality Delineating the source and mechanism of groundwater salinization in a semi-arid region of southeastern Iran using geophysical and hydrochemical approaches [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 93-111]
Water Quality Temporal and spatial investigation of groundwater quality with emphasis on industrial uses in Sefid-Rud Basin [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 119-134]
Water Quality Trend analysis of water quality variation of the Karun River using the Mann-Kendall test and geographic information system (GIS) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 327-342]
Water Quality Indicators Water quality assessment of the Talar River in Mazandaran Province based on a combination of water quality indicators and multivariate modeling [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 30-47]
Water quality parameters Predicting the electrical conductivity of water using the Hicking CEEMD-LSSVM optimization algorithm [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 323-348]
Water Recourses Management Assessment of drought condition in Guilan Province using the Keetch–Byram Drought Index (KBDI) in accordance with the Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI) [Volume 1, Issue 4, 2021, Pages 57-67]
Water requirement Assessing phenological growth stages of barberry tree growth and the effect of climate change on its water requirement in Iran [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 78-92]
Water requirement Simulation of yield and water productivity of Cowpea cultivars under deficit irrigation conditions using the DSSAT model [Volume 3, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 215-232]
Water requirement Effect of water price under different allocation scenarios on crop pattern economic productivity [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 196-211]
Water requirement Assessing spatial pattern of irrigation hydromodule under different crop patterns in northwestern Iran [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 195-212]
Water requirement Investigating the combined effect of different types of irrigation methods and planting rows on the yield and water productivity of pinto beans under different levels of irrigation [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 323-337]
Water resource Comparison of artificial intelligence models and experimental models in estimating reference evapotranspiration (Case study: Ramhormoz synoptic station) [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 112-124]
Water resource management Optimizing machine learning to reduce crop classification uncertainty in semi-arid Canal command areas [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 303-325]
Water resource management A review of evaporation suppression methods from open surface reservoirs using SWOT analysis [(Articles in Press)]
Watershed Drainage Density Modeling using Precipitation in Different Climates of Kurdistan Province [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 160-181]
Watershed Characteristics Digital elevation model based-morphometric characterization of Pambujan River Basin in Northern Samar, Philippines [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 52-66]
Watershed ecological potential The effect of climate change on the Fariman Dam watershed health using VOR model [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 107-121]
Watershed health Assessing watershed sustainability using the watershed sustainability index (Case study: Bujin watershed in Hamadan province) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 17-32]
Watershed hydrology Modeling streamflow dynamics under climate and land use shifts using MIKE SHE in the upper Omo Gibe catchment, Ethiopia [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 121-148]
Watershed management measures Effects of watershed management practices on the quadric services of Chehel-Chai Watershed, Golestan Province [Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022, Pages 18-36]
Watershed Management Practices Assessment of the Impact of Watershed Management Practices on Hydrological Variables in the Mohammadabad Watershed using the SWAT Model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 156-172]
Watershed Management Practices Analytical comparison of soil particle size distribution in different land uses/covers of the Vaz watershed using laser granulometry [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 77-93]
Watershed ranking Development of an incorporative PSR-Fuzzy model for health assessment of the KoozehTopraghi Watershed [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 152-167]
Watershed services Sensitivity analysis of climatic factors in water yield modeling in the Talar watershed; an ecosystem service perspective [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 101-120]
Watershed Simulation The effect of climate change on the Fariman Dam watershed health using VOR model [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 107-121]
Water shortage The effect of increasing water use efficiency on improving the status of groundwater resources using WEAP model in Qazvin Plain [Volume 2, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 53-62]
Water shortage Assessing the status of various irrigation methods in Hokmabad lands of Tabriz city with the Charles Burt method [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 253-268]
Water table drop Desertification intensity affected by groundwater and land subsidence in Maharloo-Bakhtegan watershed [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 171-184]
Water use efficiency Application of artificial neural network models in estimating nectarine crop yield under two-sided furrow irrigation [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 47-59]
Water use efficiency Water use efficiency of maize-mung bean in intercropping systems under different water stress conditions [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 233-247]
Water use efficiency Improving the Irrigation Scheduling of Drip Irrigation System Using Field Measurements and Crop Modeling [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 299-313]
Water use efficiency Using the CR index in the optimal design of a row irrigation system with the SIRMOD model [Volume 4, Issue 3, 2024, Pages 39-52]
Water yield Water resource sustainability management issues in the Sevan lake basin in the context of climate change [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 149-166]
Water yield zoning Spatiotemporal variations analysis of water yield ecosystem service in the Hyrcanian region of northern Iran using the InVEST model [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 296-308]
WEAP Using the WEAP model to evaluate the consumption management of Ayushan dam for different uses [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 44-59]
WEAP modeling Effects of Weather Modification Operations on Water Resources of Khash Basin using Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) Model [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 14-24]
Weather Modification Effects of Weather Modification Operations on Water Resources of Khash Basin using Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) Model [Volume 1, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 14-24]
Welfare Evaluating the impact of water pricing on macroeconomic variables in Iran using dynamic computable general equilibrium models [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 260-269]
Western Iran Effect of Enso indices on meteorological drought in the midwest of Iran [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 13-27]
WetSpass-M model Assessment of surface runoff response to climate change in a Weyib Watershed using the WeSpass-M model [Volume 5, Special Issue : Climate Change and Effects on Water and Soil, 2025, Pages 233-251]
Wheat Yield Improving wheat irrigation productivity in Iran (Part two: from the viewpoint of mechanization and farm management) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 194-213]
Wheat Yield Determining the physical water productivity of wheat in different climates of Kermanshah province [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 159-178]
Wilcox Trend analysis of water quality variation of the Karun River using the Mann-Kendall test and geographic information system (GIS) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 327-342]
Wilcox Index Temporal-spatial assessment of groundwater quality in Zahedan County for drinking and agricultural uses [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 236-250]
Willingness to pay Farmers’ willingness to use and pay for treated wastewater in the context of untreated wastewater availability [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 223-239]
Willingness to use Farmers’ willingness to use and pay for treated wastewater in the context of untreated wastewater availability [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 223-239]
Wind erosion Modeling of land use effect on soil crust strength in southeastern Ahvaz [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 286-296]
Wind erosion Monitoring and investigation of wind erosion warning areas in the northwest of Golestan Province (Case study: Aq Qala and Gomishan Cities) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 343-356]
Wind erosion The effect of wind erosion on soil physicochemical properties and microbial activity response in the sustainability of the Sistan Plain ecosystem [Volume 6, Issue 1, 2026, Pages 149-163]
Wind speed Projection the Wind Field in the Future Based on the CMIP5 and CMIP6 Climate Models in Sistan and Baluchestan Province Introduction [Volume 5, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 219-233]
Wind speed Development of multiple linear regression models for annual reference evapotranspiration estimation under limited data conditions [Volume 6, Issue 2, 2026, Pages 209-231]
WMS Effect of curve number changes on flood hydrograph in a rapid response watershed (Case study: Ardabil Khiavchai Watershed) [Volume 4, Issue 1, 2024, Pages 248-261]
Womba watershed Socio-economic and biophysical determinants of landscape restoration adoption among smallholder farmers [Volume 5, Issue 4, 2025, Pages 116-142]
WorldClim Comparison of species distribution models in determining the habitat landscape of Pistacia vera L. specie in Razavi Khorasan province [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 77-92]
WQI Temporal-spatial assessment of groundwater quality in Zahedan County for drinking and agricultural uses [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 236-250]
WSI Assessing watershed sustainability using the watershed sustainability index (Case study: Bujin watershed in Hamadan province) [Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024, Pages 17-32]

X

XGBoost Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms’ Performance in Multitemporal Image Classification for Agricultural Management (Case Study: Qazvin Plain) [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 54-73]
XGBoost model The relationship between teleconnection indices and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at selected stations in Sistan and Baluchistan Province [(Articles in Press)]

Y

Yazd province The effect of design discharge and the performance of culverts on the natural flood crisis in selected watershed of Yazd province [(Articles in Press)]
Yeild response factor Investigating the production functions of water consumption in determining the performance of two watermelon cultivars under water stress [Volume 3, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 296-307]
Yield Criteria Optimizing the amount and splitting of nitrogen fertilizer in corn using response surface modeling [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 60-76]

Z

Zahedan Temporal-spatial assessment of groundwater quality in Zahedan County for drinking and agricultural uses [Volume 3, Issue 2, 2023, Pages 236-250]
Zayandeh Rood watershed Futuristic research of resilience of water resources with scenario planning approach based on case study: Zayandeh Rood watershed [Volume 5, Issue 3, 2025, Pages 1-19]
Zero iron nanoparticles Removal of Cadmium from Polluted Water Environments using Zero Iron Nanoparticles [Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025, Pages 75-88]
Zhang's method Quantifying the contributions of climate change and human interventions on streamflow alteration in the Hableroud River basin using the hydrological sensitivity analysis approach based on the Budyko hypothesis [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 241-259]
Zn Pollution indices of heavy metals in agricultural soils irrigated with raw sewage (Meshginshahr, Ardabil) [Volume 3, Issue 4, 2023, Pages 286-306]
Zoning Spatial evaluation of qualitative parameters of groundwater resources with the aim of its application in agriculture and drinking (Case study: Mehvalat-Feyzabad plain) [Volume 2, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 28-44]
Zoning Spatial variability modeling and geostatistical estimation of coefficients of some water infiltration equations in calcareous soil of Bajgah, Shiraz [Volume 4, Issue 4, 2024, Pages 131-150]
Zoning Classification of critical flood areas based on artificial intelligence algorithms and combined with crowd wisdom methods (Case study: Rakaat Dezpart watershed) [(Articles in Press)]