The conflict between stakeholders in Ardabil and Germi counties, Ardabil Province, Iran
Mohsen
Maleki
Assistant Professor/Department of Natural Resources, Khalkhal Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal, Iran
author
Ebaollah
Rezaei
Graduated M.Sc. Student/ Department of Natural Resources, Khalkhal Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal, Iran
author
Masumeh Sadat
Hosseini Nasab
Ph.D./ Department of Natural Resources, Khalkhal Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Introduction What has been identified as the relationship between natural resources and conflict? In what ways are natural resources used to trigger conflict and instability? Who are the main players and actors in resource conflicts? To address these questions, this article critically reviews the main theoretical and empirical works on natural resources conflict. This area was studied as the target population due to the rich forest and rangelands resources and considering the existing conflicts in the Ardabil province. The conflict of interest between exploiters and natural resource experts is one of the problems that may have remained from the period of nationalization of forests and rangeland (1962) and has become more critical gradually. In this regard, the inapplicability of the laws, the numerous transfers that have taken place over the years, and the lack of transparency of the border between national lands and exceptions, have led to many problems. This study seeks to investigate the reasons and causes of the conflict between the key natural resources key stakeholders including beneficiaries people who use the rangelands or forest and the local authority or national actors (government) over natural resources in the study area.Materials and Methodslegal, managerial, exploitation, and social components were examined from the perspectives of both experts and stakeholders. A number of 205 questionnaires were completed by the officials of natural resources of Ardabil and Garmi cities and its stakeholders with the Snowball Method. The validity of the main variables was more than 0.7, which is an acceptable number. Divergent validity index, among all features, was less than 0.9, which indicated that there is no dependence between the variables of each feature. Since the scale of measuring the views of experts and stakeholders is the rating, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the views of two groups on the causes of conflict in natural resources.Results and Discussion The results showed that the natural resources conflict in the whole region, there isn’t a significant difference between the factors affecting the conflict between the local community and government experts in terms of perspective. The most important components for increasing the conflict in this region from the perspective of beneficiaries are lack of expertise of the resolution council, lack of government support for ranches, financial poverty, conflict with rangeland encroachers, low level of awareness of stakeholders, and according to the experts, lack of government support for ranches, lack of law, lack of rangeland cooperative, insufficient water in rangeland, financial poverty, lack of cooperation among the people and migration. Land grabbing, coaling, wood smuggling, and understory tillage aren’t the most challenging issues. From the managerial point of view, both groups have declared that the most effective way to reduce the conflict is the confinement of forests and pastures, but the participatory management issues were not acceptable according to the two groups’ viewpoints. Effective presence of experts in the field, recognizing the livelihood potentials of the region and encouraging and educating people to know alternative jobs are suitable ways to reduce the conflicts.Conclusion It seems that the plans of stopping the exploitation of natural resources are more accepted in this region. Participatory management is one of the solutions to reduce the conflict which necessity of its implementation was not acceptable according to the two groups’ viewpoints.
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2783-2546
1
v.
3
no.
2021
1
14
https://mmws.uma.ac.ir/article_1303_bd7b8fc376de4db684ffa1b089ca8aa1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22098/mmws.2021.9159.1025
Application of porous clay capsule technique in optimizing water consumption of citrus orchard
Hojjat
Ghorbani Vaghei
Assistant Professor/ Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous , Iran
author
Hossein Ali
Bahrami
Associate Professor/ Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
IntroductionWater is one of the main important environmental factors limiting plant culture, in arid and semiarid regions like Iran. Providing continuous soil moisture content in the range of field capacity and reducing water losses in near root zone can play a key role in the development of soil and water management programs. Subsurface irrigation system with porous clay capsules are able to release water in the soil at field capacity range. This method is one of the traditional methods to reduce water consumption and increase water use effficiency for providing water requirement of plants in small scale farms at the worlds. There are different types of porous pipes. Clay nozzles are a type of porous clay pipes that allow optimal use of irrigation water due to the moisture supply of field capacity at the roots of plants.Materials and MethodsIn this study, subsurface irrigation with porous clay capsule nuzzle was used to provide the water requirement of two fruitful plant (Grapes and Oranges) and measure the volume of water consumption in comparison with drip irrigation method. Porous clay capsule is able to release water into soil about field capacity in low hydroustatic pressure. The soil water content in field capacity was measured by mini soil Tensiometer in 30 kPa soil suction. Soil moisture in field capacity content was 28% for clay soil texture in citrus orchard. In subsurface and surface irrigation methods, 4 porous clay capsules and 2 dripper (8 litr.h-1), were placed for each citrus plant respectively. The volume of water consumed after each irrigation in both methods was measured by a water meter counter with precision +/-1 liter. In citrus plants, to compare the effect of irrigation type the collar diameter and plant height were studied for three consecutive years, and were compared using t-test (P<0.05).Results and Discussion The volume of water used in subsurface irrigation method was less than the surface irrigation method. The results showed that the water supply using buried porous clay capsule irrigation method for citrus plant compared to surface drip irrigation method was associated 42% reduction in water consumption.. Comparison of collar diameter and plant height of citrus plants showed that there was no statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in two irrigation methods. Collar diameter and height growth of citrus trees in subsurface and surface irrigation methods in 2015 compared to 2012 was about 2.5 times.Conclusion According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the use of porous clay capsules will be one of the most effective traditional methods of optimization and management in water consumption of small scale orchards, especially at arid and semiarid region. An examination of the work done to date on clay nozzles shows that less attention has been paid to the economic aspects and competitiveness of these parts with other nozzles available in the market. It seems that the challenge of sedimentation of water-soluble materials inside the parts or attacking the roots on them has prevented the entry of large private sector investors into this completely economic and high-income environment.
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2783-2546
1
v.
3
no.
2021
15
24
https://mmws.uma.ac.ir/article_1301_5c0c41c5260a4b86394985413d0ec8e5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22098/mmws.2021.9140.1024
Detecting groundwater resources potential in Isfahan Lenjanat region using weights-of-evidence model
Hssan
Torabipoudeh
Associate Professor/ Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, KhorramAbad, Iran
author
Hojjat Allah
Yonesi
Assistant Professor/ Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, KhorramAbad, Iran
author
Hossein
Yosefi
Associate Professor/ Department of New Energy and Environment, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
author
Azadeh
Arshia
Ph.D. Student/ Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, KhorramAbad, Iran
author
Yazdan
Yarahmadi
Ph.D. Student/ Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Introduction Identifying groundwater potential is a key requirement in groundwater conservation and management and is especially useful for engineers and designers looking for suitable locations for the exploitation of these resources. GIS-based methods have increased the accuracy and speed of groundwater surveys. Many researchers have focused on the use of GIS-based methods, remote sensing and machine learning, and statistical methods. These methods identified latent patterns in groundwater and obtain a nonlinear relationship between affecting variables. In this regard, the final groundwater potential map is determined using 12 effective variables based on ArcGIS and Weight-Of-Evidence (WOE) model for Lenjanat area, Isfahan Province.Materials and MethodsLenjanat study area is located in the southwest of Isfahan Province. It has a variable climate that is always affected by the central semi-arid and semi-humid areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. WOE model is based on standard deviation and used to predict the occurrence of accidents when there is enough data available to assess the relative importance of the layers using the statistical average. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve related to the groundwater potential mapping in the Lenjanat study area was prepared using SPSS software. The Area Under Curve (AUC) indicates the accuracy degree of the final map. The extent area of each curve indicates the model’s prediction ability. The value below the graph would be equal to unity in the best case and ideal scenario. This index is a suitable criterion to evaluate the model accuracy.Results and Discussion The areas with low elevation and low slope due to the high level of infiltration and water movement in the soil had a higher potential of groundwater, which is consistent with the results of the previous researchers. These areas had a higher groundwater potential in the east and flat terrains than in other directions. From the land use point of view, arable lands and areas with dense vegetation had the highest groundwater potential. The shorter the distance from the waterway and the higher the drainage density leads to the greater the groundwater potential. Areas with Aridsols soil have higher groundwater potential compared to the Entisol and Inceptisols categories. Soft alluvial sediments have a higher potential than other sediments. It is expected that the areas with high groundwater potential will be more in the eastern part of the region due to the high concentration of factors affecting the creation of potential groundwater conditions. The final groundwater potential map also determined these areas as high groundwater potential regions.Conclusion The results showed a higher sensitivity to land use and slope variables, which play an important role in water penetration. More than 60% of Lenjanat has moderate to very high groundwater potential. Identifying areas with high groundwater potential is important in determining areas for implementing management programs. It is suggested to use the WOE model with more input variables and other models to prepare a high accuracy potential map should be evaluated in future studies.
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2783-2546
1
v.
3
no.
2021
25
37
https://mmws.uma.ac.ir/article_1304_08eaacd7f522cceb54a024dcf2630e71.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22098/mmws.2021.9197.1026
Evaluation of water quality in the Chalus River using the statistical analysis and water quality index (WQI)
Reza
Khalili
Graduated M.Sc. Student/ Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
author
Hossein
Montaseri
Assistant Professor/ Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
author
Hamed
Motaghi
M.Sc. Student/ Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Introduction River pollution is one of the serious risks to the environment, water systems, and human health. Regular monitoring and protection of river water quality is therefore vital to meet environment, and human needs. The increasing trend to fresh water highlights the management of river water resources as a crucial resource. Meanwhile, population growth, irregular urbanization, industrialization, overuse of chemicals materials in agriculture (such as fertilizers and pesticides), discharge of domestic sewage, and solid waste into watercourses, sand mining in riverbeds, water transfer diversion, has seriously challenged the rivers regimes and river ecosystems.Materials and MethodsThe effect of agricultural activities on water quality in the Chalus River was examined. Sampling was conducted and analyzed in surface water at three points from October 2019 to September 2020. Three surface water samples were collected from each station and water quality variables were analyzed. The following water quality parameters have been analysed in the current study; temperature, pH, conductivity, soluble solids, suspended solids, turbidity, salinity, reduction of oxidation potential, alkali, total hardness. Also, oxygen demand parameters of dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, biological oxygen requirement were examined. Meanwhile, the nutrient-related water quality parameters include N-NH4, N-NO2, N-Np3, total phosphate, total phosphorus are also evaluated. The heavy metals, inorganic pollution parameters, and suspended chlorophyll content of biological parameters were the other investigated parameters. Multiple statistical methods were used for the results of analyzing the parameter including principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson correlation Coefficient (PCC), and cluster analysis (CA). In addition, water quality index (WQI) was used for determining quality of surface water, hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) for evaluating the public health risk for heavy metals.Results and Discussion The water quality of Chalous River has decreased from S1 station to downstream. The water quality index based on public health risk assessment showed that station S1 water could be used as drinking water and did not pose a potential risk to the health of adults and children. However, the water quality at Station S2, and especially Station S3, cannot be used for drinking puprpos, due to improper quality and may poses potential risks to the health of adults and children. The station S1 with an average of 15.62 categorized in the excellent water quality category. Meanwhile, the station S2 and S3 with an average of 25.5, and 49.8 assigned as good water quality status, respectively. The amount of As, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb was very small at the studied stations. The hazard coefficient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values calculated to determine the risk of heavy metal effects on health were identified as non-carcinogenic. HI values of heavy metals calculated for adults and children were Mn> Cu> Al> Zn> Fe, respectively. The manganese and copper are more involved in non-carcinogenic health risks. Also, the values of HQingestion and HQdermal values and the HI value are less than one.Conclusion A combination of point and non-point source pollution have been identified as the main source of water quality deterioration. The water quality parameters of Chalous River in S1 station has not exceeded the permissible level of the national standard of Iran. While, the water quality in S2, and S3 stations has decreased that poses potential risks to the human health and need a pollution prevention action plan. The factors such as municipal wastewater, septic tank and water leakage from horse stables, natural and artificial fertilizers used in agriculture, runoff and rock pebbles in the basin are the causes of pollution.
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2783-2546
1
v.
3
no.
2021
38
52
https://mmws.uma.ac.ir/article_1324_d247dcdae7547d862b9d064060273615.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22098/mmws.2021.9300.1031
Evaluation of soil erosion effects on rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield using SWAT model
Heidar
Ghafari
Assistant Professor/Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, , Ahvaz, Iran
author
Manouchehr
Gorji
Professor/Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Introduction Although soil erosion in natural ecosystems takes place very slowly, yet its cumulative effects on soil productivity are significant in the long term, and even very low rates of erosion cause loss of considerable amounts of soil during the course of many years. Based on statistics presented during the past 40 years, about 30% of agricultural lands in the world have lost their fertility due to erosion and have turned into non-arable lands (Pimentel and Burgess, 2013), and approximately 75 million tons of fertile agricultural soil is lost every year (Eswaran et al., 2001). In another report, it has been stated that about 10 million hectares of agricultural lands in the world lose their productive capacity annually and become non-cultivable lands (Lal, 2001).Materials and MethodsSWAT model was used to simulate the effect of soil erosion on dry wheat yield. For this purpose, after model calibration and validation, the following five scenarios were defined to quantify the effects of erosion on rainfed wheat yield: (1) current soil depth, (2) removing 5 cm, (3) removing 10 cm, (4) removing 15 cm, (5) and removing 20 cm of current topsoil depth in soil database.Accordingly, a regression relation was established between surface soil erosion and wheat yield.Results and Discussion Regression analysis showed that for each centimeter of soil erosion, the yield of rainfed wheat was reduced by 15.1 kg equal to 0.5%. The model results showed that the average specific erosion in the agricultural lands of the region is about 10 t/ha (0.77 mm/year). Assuming that the erosion rate is constant over 100 years, about 77 mm of soil is destroyed, equivalent to a loss of 116 kg/ha of dryland wheat yield. Considering the area under wheat cultivation (about 50,000 ha) in the study region, it is estimated that 580 tons of wheat per year will be destroyed by erosion.Conclusion SWAT model was used to assess the effect of erosion on crop yield. The gradual decrease in horizon A depth of input soil data to the model showed that with a decrease in the soil depth per 10 cm, the average yield decreased by 5%. It is suggested that in subsequent studies, the results of this method can be compared and validated with the comparative plot method, as the best field method in evaluating the effect of erosion on yield.
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2783-2546
1
v.
3
no.
2021
53
66
https://mmws.uma.ac.ir/article_1288_5175cdde1de752bc89c4f09f0dbf3fe1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22098/mmws.2021.9267.1029
Impact of wavelet on accuracy of estimated models in rainfall-runoff modeling (Case study: Sufi Chay)
Ehsan
Mirzania
M.Sc. Student/ Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
author
Hossein
Malek Ahmadi
M.Sc. Student/ Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
author
Yadgar
Shahmohammadi
M.Sc. Student/ Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
author
Ali
Ebrahim Zadeh
Assistant Professor/ Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Marand, Marand, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Introduction In recent decades, accurate modeling of runoff has always been one of the hottest topics for researchers in the field of hydrology, as it plays an important role in water resources management, hydropower development, urban planning, irrigation and other hydrological/meteorological activity programs. Concept-based and physical models require huge amounts of data and environmental calculations. The nonlinear nature of the rainfall-runoff process and the complexity of physical models are some of the reasons why researchers have turned to intelligent models. However, these models may not provide logical results for nonlinear hydrological processes. To overcome this shortcoming, nonlinear artificial neural networks (ANNs) have depicted a real success in predicting hydrological time series.Materials and MethodsThe usefulness of wavelet transforms in noise reduction and multi-resolution analysis along with the ability of ANNs to optimize and predict hydrological processes has recently been introduced as a neural network wavelet hybrid model (WANN) and is widely used by hydrologists not only for rainfall-runoff modeling. It has been used to simulate some other components of the hydrological cycle such as river flow, groundwater, precipitation and sediment. In this study, precipitation and discharge data on a monthly scale have been used. For modeling in this research, ANN and WANN have been used. Data were used for Sufi Chay Basin for period 2001-2019.Results and Discussion In this study, for modeling rainfall-runoff by neural network in MATLAB 2018 Software and investigating the effect of using wavelet transform on the accuracy of rainfall-runoff model has been done. First, the existence of autocorrelation and its significance in runoff data were investigated using the partial autocorrelation function (PACF). In the hybrid model, Daubechies mother wavelets 3 and 4 are used. Six scenarios were examined for modeling. Among the selected scenarios, scenarios 4 and 5 had the best results in comparison between the two models. The poor accuracy of the first three scenarios (Scenarios 1-3) indicates that using rainfall data alone are not sufficient to model runoff, thus employing the last monthly runoff data into the model made a significant change in the results. In the ANN model, scenario 4 has more acceptable results with correlation coefficient (r), square root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) of 0.889, 51.574 and 0.788, respectively for the training section, and 0.779, 70.625, and 0.595, respectively for the test section. In the hybrid model WANN, scenario 5 has the best results with the values of r, RMSE and NSE of 0.997, 23.99 and 0.954, respectively for the training section, and 0.829, 62.334 and 0.684, respectively for the test section.Conclusion In the present study, the performance of ANN and WANN models for rainfall-runoff modeling in Sufi Chay Basin using different parameters of rainfall and discharge delays during the statistical period (2001-2019) was evaluated. The highest accuracy of the models was provided in combining runoff input with a time delay and monthly precipitation. The purpose of this study is the effect of wavelet on increasing the accuracy of estimation in rainfall-runoff modeling. The results of the present study showed that the hybrid model will increase the accuracy of a model.
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2783-2546
1
v.
3
no.
2021
67
79
https://mmws.uma.ac.ir/article_1325_8469205a33eb11a3559556eb6e5610f9.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22098/mmws.2021.9335.1035