Temporal changes in meteorological-hydrological drought (Case study: Guilan Province)
Mohammad
Janbozorgi
Ph.D. Student, /ARAS Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
author
Mahin
Hanifepour
Ph.D. Student/, Department of Arid and Mountainous Regions Reclamation, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
author
Hassan
Khosravi
Associate Professor/Department of Arid and Mountainous Regions Reclamation, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran,Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
IntroductionDrought is known as one of the environmental phenomena and it is also considered as a direct impact of climatic changes that can occur in any geographical area. Materials and MethodsIn this study, monthly and annual rainfall data of 17 rain gauge stations belonging to the Meteorological Organization from 1972 to 2017 in Guilan Province have been used to investigate the severity, duration, and extent of drought. To evaluate and compare the capabilities of meteorological and hydrological drought, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and streamflow drought index (SDI) were calculated (Lui et al., 2012) for the whole province in the periods of three, six, nine, 12-month, and annual scale depending on the capability of the index, severity, and duration of drought spells. Results and DiscussionTo investigate the extent of drought, zoning maps were prepared using the inverse distance weighting method. According to statistics and information obtained from a statistical period from 1972 to 2017, the amount of the three-month SPI index is determined as a wet period. The results of drought severity zoning in Guilan Province showed that the SPI values in six, nine, and 12-month time scales were categorized as dry periods. In most of the cities of the study province, the drought was observed with the highest probability and had positive changes in the area of drought extent. ConclusionThe maps obtained from SPI interpolating in four statistical periods showed that the value of standardized precipitation index has increased in 2017 compared with 1972, and most cities in the studied province are covered by more drought-prone areas. In addition, the main drought in the region is observed in the meteorological stations located in the south and southeast of the region. According to the SDI values, it can be concluded that most of the river gauge stations are without or with moderate drought.
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2783-2546
1
v.
2
no.
2021
1
13
https://mmws.uma.ac.ir/article_1215_93d33cc228d71857c51854a7fbe35596.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22098/mmws.2021.1215
Effects of Weather Modification Operations on Water Resources of Khash Basin using Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) Model
Samaneh
Pourmohammadi
Ph.D. in Watershed Science and Engineering, Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company, Tehran, Iran
author
Mehran
Fatemi
Assistant Professor,/Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Meybod University, Meybod , Iran
author
Faeze
Rasaie
M.Sc. student/ Department of Civil engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
author
Seyed Arman
Hashemi Monfared
Associate Professor/ Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
author
Mahmoud
Khosravi
Professor/ Department of Climatology, Faculty of Geography, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
IntroductionOne of the ways to increase rainfall and water production is cloud seeding technology. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cloud seeding technology on increasing the water of Khash Basin, as the most prone area for climate change projects in Sistan Province as documented in several national and international studies; Considering the scenario of increasing rainfall by about 15 to 25%, the management of water resources was studied on the drinking, agriculture and industry sectors in this basin. Therefore, the current percentage of meeting the needs of drinking, agriculture and industry was compared using Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) with the future condition considering a 20% increase in rainfall due to the implementation of cloud seeding project.Materials and MethodsWEAP is a comprehensive, user-friendly, and flexible model developed for water resources planning. The main advantage of WEAP is the integrated approach in simulating irrigation systems and evaluating the impact of different policies. In the field of hydrological modeling, the WEAP software models all the processes necessary for the quantitative balance of surface water and the interaction of the groundwater aquifer with the river flow. The methods for modeling surface water in the software are: 1) soil moisture method, 2) water requirement method (FAO), and 3) standard method (rainfall-runoff). We will use the standard method according to the available data/information.Results and DiscussionIn the current situation, urban and rural drinking needs are fully met according to the higher priority. Also, the needs of agriculture and industry are met 100% in December, January and February and less than 25% in April to September, which is a significant shortage and management measures must be compensated for this shortage. The reliability of urban and rural drinking needs is 100%, which means that these needs are fully met in all months of the period. This percentage is about 33% for industry needs and about 25% for agriculture needs, which means a lack of proper reliability to meet these needs. The percentage of needs supply in the industry and agriculture sectors has increased with increasing rainfall in March and April. The results show the positive effect of implementing climate change projects on water resources in Khash Basin.Conclusion The results showed a 20% increase in precipitation in the Khash area, which was identified as a cloud-prone area; it has a positive effect on the percentage of supply of different needs. Cloud fertility as one of the most cost-effective methods of water supply can be effective as a suitable solution in the management of water resources of basins in various drinking, industry and agriculture sectors and according to various scientific sources Long-term implementation of climate change projects can be a valuable and cost-effective solution to the effects of drought and climate change in the country's basins.
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2783-2546
1
v.
2
no.
2021
14
24
https://mmws.uma.ac.ir/article_1253_f355e8772f26d248f79fdd6126f97c23.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22098/mmws.2021.1253
Effects of irrigation methods of subsurface, clay pot and drop on Mulberry growth in dry land region (Case study: Sistan area)
Mansour
Jahantigh
Associate Professor/Department of Soil Conservation and Water Management, Sistan Agriculture, Education, and Extension Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Zabol, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Introduction Mulberry is one of the plants that are compatible with dry areas. A little research has been done on the irrigation of mulberry seedlings using different methods in arid and special areas of Sistan. In the past, there were suitable climatic conditions for the establishment of mulberry trees in Sistan. If mulberry orchards are revived in the area, in addition to fruit production and the prosperity of the breeding industry, it will also play an effective role in controlling erosion and improving the environment. Due to the harmful effects of water shortage and lack of proper efficient methods used in the agricultural sector of the country, it is necessary to study and use new methods. This research examines the establishment of fruitful mulberry seedlings with three methods of subsurface irrigation, pottery, and drip irrigation in the Helmand watershed. By establishing vegetation while saving limited water consumption in the region, along with its economic aspects for the stakeholders, should also be effective as windbreaks and improvement of the environment for the development of the region.Materials and MethodsThis research was carried out to evaluate the Mulberry growth using three methods including subsurface irrigation, clay pot, and drop irrigation in dryland regions. Therefore, after preparing hold digs, three soil samples has collected from depth 50 cm of each treatment, and soil characteristics were analyzed. Six-month-old mulberry seedlings were planted in the pits. This research was randomly tested the clay pot irrigation, drop and surface irrigation on mulberry with three treatments and four iterations. Tree high, branch number, diameter, and canopy have been measured. Also, soil moisture was measured at a depth of 60 cm before irrigation. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.Results and Discussion According to the climatic conditions of the region, a total of 700 L of water was given to each seedling. The average moisture content of subsurface irrigation treatment was higher than other treatments. Moisture content in subsurface irrigation, pottery, and surface drops were 18, 14.25, and 13.4%, respectively. The moisture content of subsurface irrigation treatment was 20.8% and 25.5% higher than the moisture content of clay irrigation treatment and drip type, respectively. The mean values have been compared based on the Duncan test and showed the amount of moisture in subsurface irrigation classified in one group and in clay type and surface drops in another group. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the moisture content of the three treatments (α< 0.01). Also, significant differences were observed between the mean of plants height of the subsurface (78.5 cm), clay pot (45.5 cm), and drop (59.7 cm) irrigation methods. But, there was no significant difference between canopy, diameter, and branch number. The plant water needs are better provided in the surface irrigation method, and more water is available compared with clay pot and drop irrigation.Conclusion The results of this experiment showed that the subsurface irrigation treatment had a better condition in all characteristics than the pottery and drip irrigation methods. Because it provides more moisture to the plant. This situation is due to the lack of high evaporation in subsurface irrigation, water enters the root zone directly through gravity. Therefore, it is concluded that the subsurface irrigation method is more suitable for plant growth than pottery and drip irrigation which reduces the water loss from the soil surface and better moisture distribution.
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2783-2546
1
v.
2
no.
2021
25
35
https://mmws.uma.ac.ir/article_1273_2045d02ed035e7e6dd21de84e2a83e96.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22098/mmws.2021.8691
Effect of climatic drought on surface soil salinity in Kashan Plain
Mahdieh
Afsharinia
Ph.D. Student/ Desert Management and Control, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, University of Kashan.Kashan, Iran
author
Fatemeh
Panahi
Assistant Professor/ Department of Desert Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
IntroductionStability of soil structure is one of the most important indicators of land degradation sensitivity and soil quality. Also, soil salinization is among of the main causes of land degradation in arid and semi-arid regions and the critical factor limiting agricultural production (Arasto and Akhiani, 2018). Soil salinity affects plant growth and in this case, the importance of soil is determined due to increasing population growth and the emergence of new needs for more food (Karam et al., 2018). Drought as a natural disaster and inevitable phenomenon has been seen in a wide range of countries, especially countries located in arid and dry regions of the world (Saeidipour et al., 2018). Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the role of drought in intensifying soil salinity in Kashan Plain, drought periods were studied by standardized precipitation index (SPI) in six time periods in the statistical period 2000 to 2017. The results indicated that the years 2000, 2008, 2015, and 2016 were the reference years with the maximum intensity of drought. Salinity changes in reference years were analyzed using the salinity index (SI) obtained from satellite images, ETM + sensors through ENVI software (version 7.4). Then, the ground reality map of soil salinity was obtained by field sampling, laboratory studies, and interpolation in ArcGIS software (version 10.4.1). According to the root-mean-square error (RMSE) criterion, the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method was selected as the most suitable interpolation method in spatial mapping of drought intensity. Results and DiscussionThe results of the correlation analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between the actual and intermediate salinity values at the level of 1% with a correlation coefficient of 0.968. This suggests that the obtained model is a good estimator for soil salinity prediction. The results also showed a significant correlation at the 1% level between drought and EC using the Spearman method. The results showed that increasing drought will increase the salinity amount, although this relationship was found inverse for 2016. ConclusionThe characteristic arid zone has a variable climate; so that these climatic fluctuations have made it prone to high sensitivity. Over the past few years, reduced rainfall and increased temperature in the Kashan Region have been the main causes of soil salinity. Along with the occurrence of meteorological drought, over exploitation of groundwater and the entry of solutes through precipitation are intensified the soil salinity over the study area.
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2783-2546
1
v.
2
no.
2021
36
46
https://mmws.uma.ac.ir/article_1274_d0bb9a41ce048b93e1651844924668d1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22098/mmws.2021.8982.1018
Application of artificial neural network models in estimating nectarine crop yield under two-sided furrow irrigation
Somayeh
Emami
Ph.D. Candidate Water Structures/ Department of Water Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
author
Hossein
Dehghanisanij
Associate Professor/Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
author
Milad
Rezaie
M.Sc. Student,/Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Introduction Due to the lack of rainfall, Iran is one of the arid countries in the world where most irrigation systems are done as surface irrigation. Due to the high costs of pressurized irrigation systems, improvement and modification of surface irrigation methods such as land leveling, the correct choice of irrigation method, proper design and thus increase efficiency is significant. If surface irrigation is properly designed and implemented, it is one of the most suitable methods for farmers due to the lack of complex equipment and devices. Researchers use artificial neural networks to simulate and estimate parameters such as weekly evaporation rate, daily evaporation, water capacity, and permeability coefficient have been used. Materials and Methods Perceptrons are arranged in layers, with the first layer taking in inputs and the last layer producing outputs. The middle layers have no connection with the external world and hence are called hidden layers. Each perceptron in one layer is connected to every perceptron on the next layer. Hence information is constantly "fed forward" from one layer to the next. There is no connection among perceptrons in the same layer. Radial basis function (RBF) networks have three layers: an input layer, a hidden layer with a non-linear RBF activation function, and a linear output layer. The input can be modeled as a vector of real numbers. The output of the network is then a scalar function of the input vector, and is given by where is the number of neurons in the hidden layer, is the center vector for neuron, and is the weight of neuron functions in the linear output neuron. Functions that depend only on the distance from a center vector are radially symmetric about that vector. Results and DiscussionThe best results were calculated using the average savings in the treatment section compared to the observed section, 31.7%. It also shows water consumption in the treatment section and the control is calculated as 5793 and 6566.9 m3/ha, respectively, which indicates an 11.8% decrease in water consumption reduction (733.9 m3/ ha) of the treatment compared to the control. According to the obtained results and after comparing the results of RBF and GFF networks, RBF networks (function with radial base) with parameters of different irrigation levels as input were recognized as the best network. The R2 is equal to 0.92 and the square root of the RMS is equal to 0.035.Conclusion It can be stated that the method of two-sided furrow irrigation, in addition to reducing water consumption, increased crop yield. Also, there was the highest water loss in the first irrigation. The average efficiency of water application efficiency in the treatment and control sections was calculated to be 2.24 and 1.52 kg/m3, respectively, with the majority of losses being deep penetration. The RBF model had better results in predicting than the GFF neural network model. RBF neural networks with the parameter of different irrigation levels as input were recognized as the best network.
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2783-2546
1
v.
2
no.
2021
47
59
https://mmws.uma.ac.ir/article_1282_be753d1b2cdbfb7d774bf39c32b9df71.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22098/mmws.2021.9090.1019
Introducing suitable plant species for rill erosion control
Shadi
Jalilian
Ph.D. Student/ Department of Forest management, Faculty of Forest Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource, Gorgan, Iran.
author
Seyed Pedram
Nainiva
Ph.D. Student/ Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource, Gorgan, Iran.
author
Shabnam
Jalilian
MSc. Student/ Department of Soil Science, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
author
text
article
2021
per
Introduction The distribution and development of human societies due to the increasing need for infrastructure development has always been associated with a decrease in vegetation and as a result led to landscape changes, soil erosion, and soil instability. In this regard, the rill detachment capacity is a key factor in concentrated flow erosion. Rill erosion generally turns into gully erosion with severe environmental impacts. To this end, its control is highly important in landscape management and conservation. However, the effects of different vegetation species on topsoil resistance against concentrated flow erosion are much less studied. Due to the interception of raindrops by the canopy and the plant bodies, it reduces the kinetic energy of raindrops, and due to the organic carbon in the soil, it causes the formation of sticky aggregates, which results in soil protection against detachment of particles. Towards this, the current study was conducted to introduce some of the suitable species to control rill erosion.Materials and Methods This study is a review of research conducted in the field of reducing and controlling rill erosion, biologically. Therefore, through a deep literature review and considering climatic and environmental criteria, the most suitable plants in order to reduce and control the rill erosion have been introduced. The biological characteristics affecting the reduction of rill erosion, including the continued importance of vegetation stems, canopy and roots in controlling soil erosion, were discussed. Strength resistances in controlling soil erosion were discussed and then issues related to climate adaptation were examined. Finally, after the process of determining suitable species to reduce rill erosion, the list and characteristics of suitable plant species in controlling rill erosion were presented and described.Results and DiscussionThe suitable plant species introduced to soil erosion control according to the canopy importance, stress, and climatic resistance were included Vetiveria zizanioides, Tamarix, Populus uphratica Olive, Haloxylon, Parrotia persica, Diospyros lotus, Medicago spp, Olea europaea, Platanus orientalis, Cercis siliquastrum. The introduced species can be used by examining their compatibility with the specific regional Considering the results of this study and the importance of problems caused by soil erosion, general recommendations including diagnosis and evaluation of the efficiency of established tree species have been presented. Explaining the positive and negative consequences of planting and rehabilitating them, collecting information about tree species suitable for reducing and controlling other forms of erosion, their ecological characteristics in order to prevent and reduce erosion have been examined.Conclusion Identifying areas prone to rill erosion and explaining the bioengineering strategy is necessary to prevent the destruction of forest and rangeland cover, and increase planting, rehabilitation and establishment of suitable plant species. It is recommended to strengthen biological measures such as buffer establishment, coastal strips, seeding, cutting, planting, vegetation and implementation of conservation plans and enclosure of pastures characteristics, to take advantage of biological methods to reduce erosion.
Water and Soil Management and Modelling
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2783-2546
1
v.
2
no.
2021
60
74
https://mmws.uma.ac.ir/article_1300_d83b79e290225ad393feb0e20f2842a7.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22098/mmws.2021.9231.1028